%rframe width=30pct%http://cgdev.org.488elwb02.blackmesh.com/doc/blog/Roodman%20open%20book/Delinquency%20indicators%2C%20Grameen%20Bank%2C%202002-.png | Once seen almost as a panacea for poverty, microcredit luster has been tarnished by low returns and loan-shark interest rates

%lframe width=30pct% https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/uploads/infographics/full/10735.gif | The Cassini Resource Exchange brought a complex, over-schedule, over-budget space probe project under control

!!! Resource exchanges for physical design of exovivaria

[[Project Persephone]] studies market mechanisms for how they can substitute for (and even improve upon) bureaucratic governance. ([[governance | Democratic governance]] is also a goal -- they aren't mutually exclusive.) Market mechanisms could be designed for [[exovivaria]] governance and for the organization itself. The mechanisms can be tested in [[virtual exovivaria]] and terrestrial prototypes of exovivaria. Where proven already elsewhere, such mechanisms could apply to communities in [[equatorial alpine regions]] that have been selected as Project Persephone aid beneficiaries, wherever the local culture is open to such experiments.

Project Persephone will adopt localities in [[equatorial alpine regions]] near areas selected as candidate [[projectile space launch]] sites. The Project may emphasize employing local populations to build terrestrial prototypes of exovivaria and as [[telebots | telebot]] operators. Assigning potentially dividend-paying coupons to citizens in such areas enfranchises them in the success of the Project, including the success of enterprises affiliated with it -- especially enterprises that might employ them. Concurrently, we might fund local enterprises less closely related to the Project Persephone agenda, on terms where capital is available only if the equity shares are distributed equally in the area.

For Project Persephone, the purpose would be to immunize funding of aid projects against exchange-rate fluctuations, and to help to ensure that trade among Project members flows toward selected [[equatorial alpine regions]]. When the Project as a whole is suffering coordination failures or internal political deadlock, a liquidity channel to members in its aid-beneficiary regions would at least help keep benefits flowing; individual donors could still buy goods and services from individual aid beneficiaries.

%lframe width=30pct% http://www.corfizz.com/property-diagram.png | Market economies are possible without self-reinforcing concentrations of capital

In [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading | emissions trading]], people can buy and sell rights to pollute. Some voice moral objections to the idea of owning the right to make the world worse. But if the trading is the most efficient way to make a world better, you have to wonder if this isn't really an issue more in the domain of ethics than morals. Making the world a little worse is sometimes inevitable anyway. So why not at least pay for it, so that others who are improving the situation can be rewarded for doing so?

[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_market | Prediction markets]] have been used for a variety of applications in organizational (mainly corporate) decision-making, even if they are mostly famous as a way to bet on political outcomes. Project Persephone's uses can include markets for betting on policy outcomes as a source of cautionary advice on majority rule (i.e., [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futarchy | futarchy]][^Because pure futarchy as originally described by [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hanson | Robin Hanson]] will fall afoul of disagreements over its democratic legitimacy, small-sample processes such as [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_opinion_poll | deliberative polling]] can be iteratively applied after "circuit breaker" petitions suspend what would otherwise have been automatic resource allocations; see [[governance]] for Project Persephone.^]), estimating likelihood of success for proposed projects[^More research into "[[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_T000249 | thin markets]]" could be required to make prediction markets workable in the Project Persephone context, since design of exovivaria will often require rare specialist expertise. See e.g., Michael Abramowicz, [[http://betforgood.com/events/pm2007/papers/HiddenBeauty%20conference%20paper.pdf | "The Hidden Beauty of the Quadratic Market Scoring Rule: A Uniform Liquidity Market Maker, with Variations"]] (PDF) and [[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.10.3657&rep=rep1&type=pdf | "Inducing Liquidity In Thin Financial Markets Through Combined-Value Trading Mechanisms,"]] John Ledyard, Peter Bossaertsa, Leslie Finec. European Economic Review 46 (2002) 1671-1695^], and for predictions of time-required for tasks in project schedule estimation.

Exovivaria could, after all, be damaged or lost through [[orbital debris]] impacts, internal conflagrations Then there are the more localized kinds of damage. One owner's loss isn't necessarily confined to that owner -- if your house is on fire, that fire can jump to a neighbor's house. This kind of contagion of disaster can't be ruled out in exovivaria.[^Fires are not exactly unknown, in spacecraft. The [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_1 | Apollo 1]] capsule interior was destroyed by a fire made more intense by a pure oxygen atmosphere, taking the lives of three astronauts. There was a fire aboard the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir | Mir space station]], possibly 14 minutes long, caused by the malfunction of a chemical oxygen generator.^]

[[Project Persephone]] studies market mechanisms for how they can substitute for (and even improve upon) bureaucratic governance. Market mechanisms could be designed for [[exovivaria]] governance and for the organization itself. The mechanisms can be tested in [[virtual exovivaria]] and terrestrial prototypes of exovivaria. Where proven already elsewhere, such mechanisms could apply to communities in [[equatorial alpine regions]] that have been selected as Project Persephone aid beneficiaries, wherever the local culture is open to such experiments.

In [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading | emissions trading]], people can buy and sell rights to pollute. Some have amoral objection to the idea of owning the right to make the world worse. But if the trading is the most efficient way to make a world better, you have to wonder if this isn't really an issue that's more in the domain of ethics than morals. Making the world a little worse is sometimes inevitable anyway. So why not at least pay for it, so that others who are improving the situation can be rewarded for doing so?

There are some obvious pollutants in a closed ecosystem -- any excess can be considered a pollutant. (Even oxygen, if it's increasing fire risk.) Exovivaria will require keeping ecosystems alive with a very high ratio of "technosphere" mass to natural resource mass compared to the Earth's surface. User preferences for biomass will also tend toward a higher-than-natural fauna-to-flora ratio, since animals are more interesting to watch and interact with than plants. These two factors will greatly increase the need to balance emissions with consumption. In a habitat rotated for artificial gravity, even the movement of animals and user [[telebots]], and the flow of water, could be classified as "emissions"; such movement, if ill-timed, could interfere with the effort of keeping the exovivarium's solar collector pointed toward the sun; however, if well-timed, they could be used to maintain the exovivarium's orientation.[^Users might be able to earn and sell "motion permissions", not just be required to buy them. For one investigation into spacecraft attitude control using movement of internal masses see [[http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA481480&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf | "Internal Mass Motion for Spacecraft Dynamics and Control: Final Report"]], [[http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~cdhall/ | Christopher D. Hall]], Virginia Tech, 01-05-2008^]

This has also been called '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_socialism | Coupon socialism]][^For some detailed critiques of Coupon Socialism, see 1994: Equal Shares: Making Market Socialism Work. [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roemer | John Roemer]]. London & New York: Verso, 1996. ISBN 1859849334^] to democratize incentives for project success.''' Project Persephone will adopt localities in [[equatorial alpine regions]] selected as candidate [[projectile space launch]] sites; it may emphasize employing local populations to build terrestrial prototypes of exovivaria and as [[telebots | telebot]] operators. Assigning potentially dividend-paying coupons to citizens in such areas enfranchises them in the success of the Project, including the success of enterprises affiliated with it -- especially enterprises that might employ them.

Needless to say, if and when exovivaria fly, enterprises in them can be subject to the same citizen-equity discipline.

[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_market | Prediction markets]] have been used for a variety of applications in organizational (mainly corporate) decision-making, even if they are mostly famous as a way to bet on political outcomes. Project Persephone's uses can include markets for policy outcomes (i.e., [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futarchy | futarchy]][^Because pure futarchy as originally described by [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hanson | Robin Hanson]] will fall afoul of disagreements over its democratic legitimacy, small-sample processes such as [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_opinion_poll | deliberative polling]] can be iteratively applied after "circuit breaker" petitions suspend what would otherwise have been automatic resource allocations; see [[governance]] for Project Persephone.^]), estimating likelihood of success for proposed projects[^More research into "[[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_T000249 | thin markets]]" could be required to make prediction markets workable in the Project Persephone context, since design of exovivaria will often require rare specialist expertise. See e.g., Michael Abramowicz, [[http://betforgood.com/events/pm2007/papers/HiddenBeauty%20conference%20paper.pdf | "The Hidden Beauty of the Quadratic Market Scoring Rule: A Uniform Liquidity Market Maker, with Variations"]] (PDF) and [[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.10.3657&rep=rep1&type=pdf | "Inducing Liquidity In Thin Financial Markets Through Combined-Value Trading Mechanisms,"]] John Ledyard, Peter Bossaertsa, Leslie Finec. European Economic Review 46 (2002) 1671-1695^], and for project schedule estimation

[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgism | Henry George]] proposed that only land property value be taxed, which earned his followers the simplified term, Single Taxer. Well, who was who said that things should be made as simple as possible but not simpler? Nevertheless, economists left and right have seen merit in the idea. A tax only on the value of exovivarium interior spaces minus the value of their improvements helps foster an unhindered market for improvements. The value of property minus its improvements could be determined by a free market for internal space combined with competition in a market for (mandated) insurance on all improvements. Exovivaria could, after all, be damaged or lost through [[orbital debris]] impacts, internal conflagrations[^Not exactly unknown, in spacecraft. The [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_1 | Apollo 1]] capsule interior was destroyed by a fire made more intense by a pure oxygen atmosphere, taking the lives of three astronauts. There was a fire aboard the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir | Mir space station]], possibly 14 minutes long, caused by the malfunction of a chemical oxygen generator.^] and other catastrophic events. Different surfaces and volumes within exovivaria might have varying market values, even prior to improvements. [^Although Georgism is historically associated with progressive social reform, a tax on the unimproved value of land was also deemed by the more-Libertarian [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman | Milton Friedman]] to be "the least bad tax" (Mark Blaug. ''Economica'', New Series, 47, no. 188 [1980] p. 472).^]

%rframe width=30pct% http://tc.sinaimg.cn/maxwidth.2048/tc.service.weibo.com/p/www_ozarkia_net/a7c1c31e95676382d47de8ce2daa747b.gif | Georgist taxation envisions a market economy with taxes based on the value of land

%lframe width=30pct% https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Augur%2C_decentralized_prediction_market_platform_2.jpg/640px-Augur%2C_decentralized_prediction_market_platform_2.jpg | Augur is a new prediction market based on blockchain technology

%rframe width=30pct% https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Capandshare02outline.jpg | Cap-and-trade is a way to reduce and control emissions by selling rights to emit

%rframe width=30pct% https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/uploads/infographics/full/10735.gif | The Cassini Resource Exchange brought a complex, over-schedule, over-budget space probe project under control

%rframe width=30pct% http://www.corfizz.com/property-diagram.png | Market economies are possible without self-reinforcing concentrations of capital

%rframe width=30pct% http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_ZlfiC0jW3cM/Svv5m75mSQI/AAAAAAAAAaU/qAswMnFI4Ts/s400/fig2alternativemonetary.JPG | The international monetary system we have is not the only one possible

[[Project Persephone]] studies market mechanisms for how they can substitute for (and even improve upon) bureaucratic governance. Market mechanisms could be designed for [[exovivaria]], and the organization itself. The mechanisms can be tested in [[virtual exovivaria]] and terrestrial prototypes of exovivaria. Where proven already elsewhere, such mechanisms could apply to communities in [[equatorial alpine regions]] that have been selected as Project Persephone aid beneficiaries, wherever the local culture is open to such experiments.

[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_market | Prediction markets]] have been used for a variety of applications in organization (mainly corporate) decision-making, even if they are mostly known as a way to bet on political outcomes. Project Persephone's uses can include markets for
**policy outcomes (i.e., [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futarchy | futarchy]][^Because pure futarchy as originally described by [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hanson | Robin Hanson]] might fall afoul of disagreements over its democratic legitimacy, small-sample processes such as [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_opinion_poll | deliberative polling]] can be iteratively applied after "circuit breaker" petitions suspend what would otherwise have been automatic resource allocations; see [[governance]] for Project Persephone.^])
**estimating likelihood of success for proposed projects[^More research into "[[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_T000249 | thin markets]]" might be required to make prediction markets workable in the Project Persephone context, since design of exovivaria will often require rare specialist expertise. See e.g., Michael Abramowicz, [[http://betforgood.com/events/pm2007/papers/HiddenBeauty%20conference%20paper.pdf | "The Hidden Beauty of the Quadratic Market Scoring Rule: A Uniform Liquidity Market Maker, with Variations"]] (PDF) and [[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.10.3657&rep=rep1&type=pdf | "Inducing Liquidity In Thin Financial Markets Through Combined-Value Trading Mechanisms,"]] John Ledyard, Peter Bossaertsa, Leslie Finec. European Economic Review 46 (2002) 1671-1695^]
**project schedule estimation

* '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor | Bancor]]-style international trading units.'''[^See [[http://prosperityuk.com/2003/05/how-keynes-bancor-international-trade-currency-would-work/ | "How Keynes' Bancor International Trade Currency Would Work"]], Prosperity UK, 2003^] The purpose would be to immunize funding of aid projects against exchange-rate fluctuations, and to help to ensure that trade among Project members flows toward selected [[equatorial alpine regions]]. When the Project as a whole is suffering coordination failures or internal political deadlock, a liquidity channel to its aid-beneficiary regions would at least help keep benefits flowing; individual donors could still buy goods and services from individual aid beneficiaries.

* '''[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfinance | Microfinance]]'''-inspired approaches to fostering entrepreneurial activity in the beneficiary regions. Microlending has proven to be problematic, often satisfying the desires of donors (and MFI loan officers) more than the real needs of selected beneficiaries.[^As Elliott Prasse-Freeman notes of a major journalist booster of microcredit: "While Kristof is correct to note that good intentions and hard work are not enough to effectively help people, he neglects to mention that they are quite sufficient to fulfill his own expectations". From [[https://www.academia.edu/32923069/Petit_Bourgeois_Fantasies_Microcredit_Small-Is-Beautiful_Solutions_and_Developments_New_Antipolitics | "Petit Bourgeois Fantasies: Microcredit, Small-Is-Beautiful Solutions, and Development's New Antipolitics"]], in ''Seduced and Betrayed: Exposing the Contemporary Microfinance Phenomenon'', M. Bateman, K. McClean (eds.), 2016, University of New Mexico Press, ISBN-13: 978-0826357960^] A micro-equity approach would probably be more appropriate, especially if the shareholding rights take the more communitarian form of coupon socialism. Equity does not open the trap of debt-servitude, while it does open a path of microfinancialization for those who are forbidden by their religious beliefs from earning interest. As well, share-pricing partakes of much the same logic as prediction markets, which perhaps would make it more likely to foster successful enterprise.

* '''Forward markets for prevention of asset bubbles.'''[^See e.g., [[http://129.3.20.41/eps/exp/papers/0201/0201001.pdf | "Can Markets Learn to Avoid Bubbles?"]], Ross M. Miller (Miller Risk Advisors), Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets, 2002^] If the high costs of exovivarium launch can be met with promises to deliver on-orbit "real estate" to sufficiently charitable donors, there would still be the risk that those donors would fall prey to "irrational exuberance" in trading that not-yet-real estate among themselves. Such a market failure could ''prematurely'' signal that exovivarium launch had become economically feasible. It would be better for all concerned to get the timing right.[^[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspace |NewSpace]] development has fallen prey to bubbles in the past, although there was no open-market "real estate" being staked out; the orbital assets of [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_satellite_constellation | Iridium]] and other late-90s satellite phone companies eventually sold for pennies on the dollar.^]

* '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_market | Prediction markets]] for planning.''' These might include markets for
**policy outcomes (i.e., [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futarchy | futarchy]][^Because pure futarchy as originally described by [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hanson | Robin Hanson]] might fall afoul of disagreements over its democratic legitimacy, small-sample processes such as [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_opinion_poll | deliberative polling]] might be iteratively applied after "circuit breaker" petitions suspend what would otherwise have been automatic resource allocations; see [[governance]] for Project Persephone.^])

* '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgism | Georgist taxation]] for equitable funding of most non-market governance.''' A tax only on the value of exovivarium interior spaces minus the value of their improvements helps foster an unhindered market for improvements. The value of property minus its improvements could be determined by a free market for internal space combined with competition in a market for (mandated) insurance on all improvements. Exovivaria could, after all, be damaged or lost through [[orbital debris]] impacts, internal conflagrations[^Not exactly unknown, in spacecraft. The [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_1 | Apollo 1]] capsule interior was destroyed by a fire made more intense by a pure oxygen atmosphere, taking the lives of three astronauts. There was a fire aboard the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir | Mir space station]], possibly 14 minutes long, caused by the malfunction of a chemical oxygen generator.^] and other catastrophic events. Different surfaces and volumes within exovivaria might have varying market values, even prior to improvements. [^Although Georgism is historically associated with progressive social reform, a tax on the unimproved value of land was also deemed by the more-Libertarian [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman | Milton Friedman]] to be "the least bad tax" (Mark Blaug. ''Economica'', New Series, 47, no. 188 [1980] p. 472).^]

* '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading | Emissions trading markets]] for ecosystem protection and management.''' Exovivaria will require keeping ecosystems alive with a very high ratio of "technosphere" mass to natural resource mass compared to the Earth's surface. User preferences for biomass will also tend toward a higher-than-natural fauna-to-flora ratio, since animals are more interesting to watch and interact with than plants. These two factors will greatly increase the need to balance emissions with consumption. In a habitat rotated for artificial gravity, even the movement of animals and user [[telebots]], and the flow of water, could be classified as "emissions"; such movement, if ill-timed, could interfere with the effort of keeping the exovivarium's solar collector pointed toward the sun; however, if well-timed, they could be used to maintain the exovivarium's orientation.[^Users might be able to earn and sell "motion permissions", not just be required to buy them. For one investigation into spacecraft attitude control using movement of internal masses see [[http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA481480&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf | "Internal Mass Motion for Spacecraft Dynamics and Control: Final Report"]], [[http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~cdhall/ | Christopher D. Hall]], Virginia Tech, 01-05-2008^]

* '''Resource exchanges for physical design of [[exovivaria]].'''[^See e.g. the discussion of the Cassini Resource Exchange in [[http://reason.com/archives/2002/10/01/the-experimental-economist/singlepage | "The Experimental Economist"]], Reason magazine, October 2002; [[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.25.5134&rep=rep1&type=pdf | "A Market-Based Mechanism for Allocating Space Shuttle Secondary Payload Priority,"]] (PDF), John Ledyard, David Porter, Randii Wessen, in ''Experimental Economics'' 2(3) 173-195 DOI: 10.1007/BF01669195; see also the post-Cassini  work of [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randii_Wessen | Randii Wessen]] on resource exchanges for robotic spacecraft design.^] These could certainly be applied to virtual exovivaria and terrestrial prototypes; they might also apply to various picosatellite proof-of-concept experiments. Given the complexities and constraints of exovivaria, resource exchanges might even prove valuable to users in their property improvements within exovivaria.

* '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_socialism | Coupon socialism]][^For some detailed critiques of Coupon Socialism, see 1994: Equal Shares: Making Market Socialism Work. [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roemer | John Roemer]]. London & New York: Verso, 1996. ISBN 1859849334^] to democratize incentives for project success.''' Project Persephone will adopt localities in [[equatorial alpine regions]] selected as candidate [[projectile space launch]] sites; it may emphasize employing local populations to build terrestrial prototypes of exovivaria and as [[telebots | telebot]] operators. Assigning potentially dividend-paying coupons to citizens in such areas enfranchises them in the success of the Project, including the success of enterprises affiliated with it -- especially enterprises that might employ them.

%rframe width=30pct% https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Augur%2C_decentralized_prediction_market_platform_2.jpg/640px-Augur%2C_decentralized_prediction_market_platform_2.jpg | Augur is a new prediction market based on blockchain technology

%rframe width=30pct% 
 http://cgdev.org.488elwb02.blackmesh.com/doc/blog/Roodman%20open%20book/Delinquency%20indicators%2C%20Grameen%20Bank%2C%202002-.png | Once seen almost as a panacea for poverty, microcredit luster has been tarnished by low returns and loan-shark interest rates

* '''[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfinance | Microfinance]]'''-inspired approaches to fostering entrepreneurial activity in the beneficiary regions. Microlending has proven to be problematic, often satisfying the desires of donors (and loan officeres) more than the real needs of selected beneficiaries.[^As Elliott Prasse-Freeman notes of a major journalist booster of microcredit: "While Kristof is correct to note that good intentions and hard work are not enough to effectively help people, he neglects to mention that they are quite sufficient to fulfill his own expectations". From [[https://www.academia.edu/32923069/Petit_Bourgeois_Fantasies_Microcredit_Small-Is-Beautiful_Solutions_and_Developments_New_Antipolitics | "Petit Bourgeois Fantasies: Microcredit, Small-Is-Beautiful Solutions, and Development's New Antipolitics"]], in ''Seduced and Betrayed: Exposing the Contemporary Microfinance Phenomenon'', M. Bateman, K. McClean (eds.), 2016, University of New Mexico Press, ISBN-13: 978-0826357960^] A micro-equity approach would probably be more appropriate, especially if the shareholding rights take the more communitarian form of coupon socialism. Equity does not open the trap of debt-servitude, while it does open a path of microfinancialization for those who are forbidden by their religious beliefs from earning interest. As well, share-pricing partakes of much the same logic as prediction markets, which perhaps would make it more likely to foster successful enterprise.

[[Project Persephone]] studies market mechanisms for how they can substitute for (and even improve upon) bureaucratic governance. Market mechanisms could be designed for [[exovivaria]], beneficiary regions, and the organization itself. The mechanisms can be tested in [[virtual exovivaria]] and terrestrial prototypes of exovivaria. Where proven already elsewhere, such mechanisms could apply to communities in [[equatorial alpine regions]] that have been selected as Project Persephone aid beneficiaries, wherever the local culture is open to such experiments.

[[Project Persephone]] studies market mechanisms for how they might substitute for (and even improve upon) bureaucratic governance. Market mechanisms might be designed for both [[exovivaria]] and the organization itself. The mechanisms might be tested in [[virtual exovivaria]] and terrestrial prototypes of exovivaria. Some mechanisms might apply to communities in [[equatorial alpine regions]] that have been selected as Project Persephone aid beneficiaries, where the local culture is open to such experiments.

(:amazonpl wwwtamaryokan-20 0826357962 :)(:amazonpl wwwtamaryokan-20 1859840531 :)(:amazonpl wwwtamaryokan-20 0844742287 :)

[^#^]

**estimating likelihood of success for proposed projects[^More research into "[[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_T000249 | thin markets]]" might be required to make prediction markets workable in the Project Persephone context, since design of exovivaria will often require rare specialist expertise. See e.g., Michael Abramowicz, [[http://betforgood.com/events/pm2007/papers/HiddenBeauty%20conference%20paper.pdf | "The Hidden Beauty of the Quadratic Market Scoring Rule: A Uniform Liquidity Market Maker, with Variations"]] (PDF) and [[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.10.3657&rep=rep1&type=pdf | "Inducing Liquidity In Thin Financial Markets Through Combined-Value Trading Mechanisms,"]] John Ledyard, Peter Bossaertsa, Leslie Finec. European Economic Review 46 (2002) 1671 – 1695^]

* '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor | Bancor]]-style international trading units.'''[^See [[http://prosperityuk.com/2003/05/how-keynes-bancor-international-trade-currency-would-work/ | "How Keynes’ Bancor International Trade Currency Would Work"]], Prosperity UK, 2003^] The purpose would be to immunize funding of aid projects against exchange-rate fluctuations, and to help to ensure that trade among Project members flows toward selected [[equatorial alpine regions]]. When the Project as a whole is suffering coordination failures or internal political deadlock, a liquidity channel to its aid-beneficiary regions would at least help keep benefits flowing; individual donors could still buy goods and services from individual aid beneficiaries.

* '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading | Emissions trading markets]] for ecosystem protection and management.''' Exovivaria will require keeping ecosystems alive with a very high ratio of "technosphere" mass to natural resource mass compared to the Earth's surface. User preferences for biomass will also tend toward a higher-than-natural fauna-to-flora ratio, since animals are more interesting to watch and interact with than plants. These two factors will greatly increase the need to balance emissions with consumption. In a habitat rotated for artificial gravity, even the movement of animals and user [[telebots]], and the flow of water, could be classified as "emissions"; such movement, if ill-timed, could interfere with the effort of keeping the exovivarium's solar collector pointed toward the sun; however, if well-timed, it could be used to maintain the exovivarium's orientation.[^Users might be able to earn and sell "motion permissions", not just be required to buy them. For one investigation into spacecraft attitude control using movement of internal masses see [[http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA481480&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf | "Internal Mass Motion for Spacecraft Dynamics and Control: Final Report"]], [[http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~cdhall/ | Christopher D. Hall]], Virginia Tech, 01-05-2008^]

* '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading | Emissions trading markets]] for ecosystem protection and management.''' Exovivaria will require keeping ecosystems alive with a very high ratio of "technosphere" mass to natural resource mass compared to the Earth's surface; user preferences for biomass will also tend toward a higher-than-natural fauna-to-flora ratio, since animals are more interesting to watch and interact with than plants. These two factors will greatly increase the need to balance emissions with consumption. In a habitat rotated for artificial gravity, even the movement of animals and user [[telebots]], and the flow of water, could be classified as "emissions"; such movement could not only interfere with the effort of keeping the exovivarium's solar collector pointed toward the sun, it could be used to maintain the exovivarium's orientation.[^Users might be able to earn and sell "motion permissions", not just be required to buy them. For one investigation into spacecraft attitude control using movement of internal masses see [[http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA481480&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf | "Internal Mass Motion for Spacecraft Dynamics and Control: Final Report"]], [[http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~cdhall/ | Christopher D. Hall]], Virginia Tech, 01-05-2008^]

* '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading | Emissions trading markets]] for ecosystem protection and management.''' Exovivaria will require keeping ecosystems alive with a very high ratio of "technosphere" mass to natural resource mass compared to the Earth's surface; user preferences for biomass will also tend toward a higher-than-natural fauna-to-flora ratio, since animals are more interesting to watch and interact with than plants. These two factors will greatly increase the need to balance emissions with consumption. In a habitat rotated for artificial gravity, even the movement of animals and user [[telebots]], and the flow of water, could be classified as "emissions"; such movement could interfere with the effort of keeping the exovivarium's solar collector pointed toward the sun.[^Users might be able to earn and sell "motion permissions", not just be required to buy them. For one investigation into spacecraft attitude control using movement of internal masses see [[http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA481480&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf | "Internal Mass Motion for Spacecraft Dynamics and Control: Final Report"]], [[http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~cdhall/ | Christopher D. Hall]], Virginia Tech, 01-05-2008^]

* '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor | Bancor]]-style international trading units.''' The purpose would be to immunize funding of aid projects against exchange-rate fluctuations, and to help to ensure that trade among Project members flows toward selected [[equatorial alpine regions]]. When the Project as a whole is suffering coordination failures or internal political deadlock, a liquidity channel to its aid-beneficiary regions would at least help keep benefits flowing; individual donors could still buy goods and services from individual aid beneficiaries.

* '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading | Emissions trading markets]] for ecosystem protection and management.''' Exovivaria will require keeping ecosystems alive with a very high ratio of "technosphere" mass to natural resource mass compared to the Earth's surface; user preferences for biomass will also incline toward a higher-than-natural fauna-to-flora ratio, since animals are more interesting to watch and interact with than plants. These two factors will greatly increase the need to balance emissions with consumption. In a habitat rotated for artificial gravity, even the movement of animals and user [[telebots]], and the flow of water, could be classified as "emissions"; such movement could interfere with the effort of keeping the exovivarium's solar collector pointed toward the sun.[^Users might be able to earn and sell "motion permissions", not just be required to buy them. For one investigation into spacecraft attitude control using movement of internal masses see [[http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA481480&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf | "Internal Mass Motion for Spacecraft Dynamics and Control: Final Report"]], [[http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~cdhall/ | Christopher D. Hall]], Virginia Tech, 01-05-2008^]

* '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgism | Georgist taxation]] for equitable funding of most non-market governance.''' A tax only on the value of exovivarium interior spaces minus the value of their improvements has the virtue of permitting an unhindered market for improvements. The value of property minus its improvements could be determined by a free market for internal space combined with competition in a market for (mandated) insurance on all improvements. Exovivaria could, after all, be damaged or lost through [[orbital debris]] impacts, internal conflagrations[^Not exactly unknown, in spacecraft. The [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_1 | Apollo 1]] capsule interior was destroyed by a fire made more intense by a pure oxygen atmosphere, taking the lives of three astronauts. There was a fire aboard the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir | Mir space station]], possibly 14 minutes long, caused by the malfunction of a chemical oxygen generator.^] and other catastrophic events. Different surfaces and volumes within exovivaria might have varying market values, even prior to improvements. [^Although Georgism is historically associated with progressive social reform, a tax on the unimproved value of land was also deemed by the more-Libertarian [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman | Milton Friedman]] to be "the least bad tax" (Mark Blaug. ''Economica'', New Series, 47, no. 188 [1980] p. 472).^]

[[Project Persephone]] studies market mechanisms for how they might substitute for (and even improve upon) bureaucratic governance. Market mechanisms might be designed for both [[exovivaria]] and the organization itself. The mechanisms might be tested in [[virtual exovivaria]] and terrestrial prototypes, as well as in communities in [[equatorial alpine regions]] selected as aid beneficiaries.

Market mechanisms are in some cases engineered with policy goals in mind. Among the most well-known (and controversial) of these: the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol | Kyoto Protocol]]'s [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Development_Mechanism | Clean Development Mechanism]] for issuing and trading [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas | GHG]] emissions permits.

[[Project Persephone]] studies market mechanisms for how they might substitute for (and even improve upon) bureaucratic governance, of both [[exovivaria]] and the organization itself. These might be tested in [[virtual exovivaria]] and terrestrial prototypes, as well as in communities in [[equatorial alpine regions]] selected as aid beneficiaries. Here are some mechanisms under consideration:

**policy outcomes (i.e., [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futarchy | futarchy]][^Because pure futarchy as originally specified by [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hanson | Robin Hanson]] might fall afoul of disagreements over its democratic legitimacy, small-sample processes such as [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_opinion_poll | deliberative polling]] might be iteratively applied after "circuit breaker" petitions suspend what would otherwise have been automatic resource allocations; see [[governance]] for Project Persephone.^])

**policy outcomes (i.e., [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futarchy | futarchy]][^Because pure futarchy as originally specified by [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hanson | Robin Hanson]] might fall afoul of disagreements over its democratic legitimacy, small-sample processes such as [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_opinion_poll | deliberative polling]] might be iteratively applied after "circuit breaker" petitions suspend what would otherwise have been automatic resource allocations.^])

* '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_socialism | Coupon socialism]] to democratize incentives for project success.''' Project Persephone will adopt localities in [[equatorial alpine regions]] selected as candidate [[projectile space launch]] sites; it may emphasize employing local populations to build terrestrial prototypes of exovivaria and as [[telebots | telebot]] operators. Assigning potentially dividend-paying coupons to citizens in such areas enfranchises them in the success of the Project, including the success of enterprises affiliated with it -- especially enterprises that might employ them.

[[Project Persephone]] studies market mechanisms for how they might substitute for (and even improve upon) bureaucratic governance, of both [[exovivaria]] and the organization itself. Among the mechanisms under consideration for user trials in [[virtual exovivaria]] and terrestrial prototypes, as well as in communities in [[equatorial alpine regions]] selected as aid beneficiaries:

* '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgism | Georgist taxation]] for equitable funding of most non-market governance.''' A tax only on the value of exovivarium interior spaces minus the value of their improvements has the virtue of permitting an unhindered market for improvements. The value of property minus its improvements could be determined by a free market for internal space combined with competition in a market for (mandated) insurance on all improvements. Exovivaria could, after all, be damaged or lost through [[orbital debris]] impacts, internal conflagrations[^Not exactly unknown, in spacecraft. The [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_1 | Apollo 1]] capsule interior was destroyed by a fire made more intense by a pure oxygen atmosphere, taking the lives of three astronauts. There was a fire aboard the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir | Mir space station]], possibly 14 minutes long, caused by the malfunction of a chemical oxygen generator.^] and other catastrophic events. Different surfaces and volumes within exovivaria might have varying market values, even prior to improvements. [^Although Georgism is historically associated with progressive social reform, a tax on the unimproved value of land was also deemed by the more-Libertarian [[Milton Friedman]] to be "the least bad tax" (Mark Blaug. ''Economica'', New Series, 47, no. 188 [1980] p. 472).^]

'''Market mechanism''' - a ''designed'' (rather than spontaneously emerging) market. Market mechanisms are in some cases engineered with policy goals in mind. Among the most well-known of these: the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol | Kyoto Protocol]]'s [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Development_Mechanism | Clean Development Mechanism]] for issuing and trading [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas | GHG]] emissions permits.

* '''Resource exchanges for physical design of [[exovivaria]].'''[^See e.g. the discussion of the Cassini Resource Exchange in [[http://reason.com/archives/2002/10/01/the-experimental-economist/singlepage | "The Experimental Economist"]], Reason magazine, October 2002; see also the post-Cassini  work of [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randii_Wessen | Randii Wessen]] on resource exchanges for robotic spacecraft design.^] These could certainly be applied to virtual exovivaria and terrestrial prototypes; they might also apply to various picosatellite proof-of-concept experiments. Given the complexities and constraints of exovivaria, resource exchanges might even prove valuable to users in their property improvements within exovivaria.

**estimating likelihood of success for proposed projects[^More research into "[[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_T000249 | thin markets]]" might be required to make prediction markets workable in the Project Persephone context, since design of exovivaria will often require rare specialist expertise. See e.g., [[http://betforgood.com/events/pm2007/papers/HiddenBeauty%20conference%20paper.pdf | The Hidden Beauty of the Quadratic Market Scoring Rule: A Uniform Liquidity Market Maker, with Variations]] (PDF), Michael Abramowicz^]

**estimating likelihood of success for proposed projects[^More research into "[[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_T000249 | thin markets]]" might be required to make prediction markets workable in the Project Persephone context, since design of exovivaria will often require rare specialist expertise.^]

* '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading | Emissions trading markets]] for ecosystem protection and management.''' Exovivaria will require keeping ecosystems alive with a very high ratio of "technosphere" mass to natural resource mass compared to the Earth's surface; user preferences for biomass will also incline toward a higher-than-natural fauna-to-flora ratio, since animals are more interesting to watch and interact with than plants. These two factors will greatly increase the need to balance emissions with consumption. In a habitat rotated for artificial gravity, even the movement of animals, the flow of water and user [[telebots]] could be classified as "emissions"; such movement could interfere with the effort of keeping the exovivarium's solar collector pointed toward the sun.[^Users might be able to earn and sell "motion permissions", not just be required to buy them. For one investigation into spacecraft attitude control using movement of internal masses see [[http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA481480&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf | "Internal Mass Motion for Spacecraft Dynamics and Control: Final Report"]], [[http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~cdhall/ | Christopher D. Hall]], Virginia Tech, 01-05-2008^]

* '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading | Emissions trading markets]] for ecosystem protection and management.''' Exovivaria will require keeping ecosystems alive with a very high ratio of "technosphere" mass to natural resource mass compared to the Earth's surface; user preferences for biomass will also incline toward a higher-than-natural fauna-to-flora ratio, since animals are more interesting to watch and interact with than plants. These two factors will greatly increase the need to balance emissions with consumption. In a habitat rotated for artificial gravity, even the movement of animals, piped/flowing water and user [[telebots]] would constitute a class of "emissions"; such movement could both aid and interfere with the effort of keeping the exovivarium's solar collector pointed toward the sun.[^Users might be able to earn and sell "motion permissions", not just required to buy them. For one investigation into spacecraft attitude control using movement of internal masses see [[http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA481480&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf | "Internal Mass Motion for Spacecraft Dynamics and Control: Final Report"]], [[http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~cdhall/ | Christopher D. Hall]], Virginia Tech, 01-05-2008^]

* '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading | Emissions trading markets]] for ecosystem protection and management.''' Exovivaria will require keeping ecosystems alive with a very high ratio of "technosphere" mass to natural resource mass compared to the Earth's surface; user preferences for biomass will also incline toward a higher-than-natural fauna-to-flora ratio, since animals are more interesting to watch and interact with than plants. These two factors will greatly increase the need to balance emissions with consumption. In a habitat rotated for artificial gravity, even the movement of animals, piped/flowing water and user [[telebots]] would constitute a class of "emissions"; such movement could both aid and hamper the pointing of the exovivarium's solar collector toward the sun.[^Users might be able to earn and sell "motion permissions", not just required to buy them. For one investigation into spacecraft attitude control using movement of internal masses see [[http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA481480&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf | "Internal Mass Motion for Spacecraft Dynamics and Control: Final Report"]], [[http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~cdhall/ | Christopher D. Hall]], Virginia Tech, 01-05-2008^]

* '''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_socialism | Coupon socialism]] to democratize incentives for project success.''' Project Persephone will adopt localities in [[equatorial alpine regions]] selected as candidate [[projectile space launch]] sites; it may emphasize employing local populations to build terrestrial prototypes of exovivaria and as [[telebots | telebot]] operators. Assigning divident-paying coupons to citizens in such areas enfranchises them in the success of the Project, including the success of enterprises affiliated with it -- especially enterprises that might employ them.

* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_market | Prediction markets]], including markets for

* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgism | Georgist taxation]] for equitable funding of most non-market governance. A tax only on the value of exovivarium interior spaces minus the value of their improvements has the virtue of permitting an unhindered market for improvements. The value of property minus its improvements could be determined by a free market for internal space combined with competition in a market for (mandated) insurance on all improvements. Exovivaria could, after all, be damaged or lost through [[orbital debris]] impacts, internal conflagrations[^Not exactly unknown, in spacecraft. The [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_1 | Apollo 1]] capsule interior was destroyed by a fire made more intense by a pure oxygen atmosphere, taking the lives of three astronauts. There was a fire aboard the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir | Mir space station]], possibly 14 minutes long, caused by the malfunction of a chemical oxygen generator.^] and other catastrophic events. Different surfaces and volumes within exovivaria might have varying market values, even prior to improvements. [^Although Georgism is historically associated with progressive social reform, a tax on the unimproved value of land was also deemed by the more-Libertarian [[Milton Friedman]] to be "the least bad tax" (Mark Blaug. ''Economica'', New Series, 47, no. 188 [1980] p. 472).^]
* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading | Emissions trading markets]] for ecosystem protection and management. Exovivaria will require keeping ecosystems alive with a very high ratio of "technosphere" mass to natural resource mass compared to the Earth's surface; user preferences for biomass will also incline toward a higher-than-natural fauna-to-flora ratio, since animals are more interesting to watch and interact with than plants. These two factors will greatly increase the need to balance emissions with consumption. In a habitat rotated for artificial gravity, even the movement of animals, piped/flowing water and user [[telebots]] would constitute a class of "emissions"; such movement could both aid and hamper the pointing of the exovivarium's solar collector toward the sun.[^Users might be able to earn "motion permissions" as well as be required to buy them; for one investigation into spacecraft attitude control using movement of internal masses see [[http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA481480&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf | "Internal Mass Motion for Spacecraft Dynamics and Control: Final Report"]], [[http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~cdhall/ | Christopher D. Hall]], Virginia Tech, 01-05-2008^]
* Resource exchanges for physical design of [[exovivaria]].[^See e.g. the discussion of the Cassini Resource Exchange in [[http://reason.com/archives/2002/10/01/the-experimental-economist/singlepage | "The Experimental Economist"]], Reason magazine, October 2002; see also the post-Cassini  work of [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randii_Wessen | Randii Wessen]] on resource exchanges for robotic spacecraft design.^] These could certainly be applied to virtual exovivaria and terrestrial prototypes; they might also apply to various picosatellite proof-of-concept experiments. Given the complexities and constraints of exovivaria, resource exchanges might even prove valuable to users in their property improvements within exovivaria.
* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_socialism | Coupon socialism]] for equitable distribution of proceeds. Project Persephone will adopt localities in [[equatorial alpine regions]] selected as candidate [[projectile space launch]] sites; it may emphasize employing local populations to build terrestrial prototypes of exovivaria and as [[telebots | telebot]] operators. Assigning divident-paying coupons to citizens in such areas enfranchises them in the success of the Project, including the success of enterprises within it -- especially enterprises that might employ them.
* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor | Bancor]]-style international trading units to immunize funding of aid projects against exchange-rate fluctuations, and to help to ensure that trade among Project members flows toward selected [[equatorial alpine regions]]. When the Project as a whole is suffering coordination failures or internal political deadlock, a liquidity channel to its aid-beneficiary regions would at least help keep benefits flowing; individual donors could still buy goods and services from individual aid beneficiaries.
* Forward markets for prevention of asset bubbles.[^See e.g., [[http://129.3.20.41/eps/exp/papers/0201/0201001.pdf | "Can Markets Learn to Avoid Bubbles?"]], Ross M. Miller (Miller Risk Advisors), Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets, 2002^] If the high costs of exovivarium launch can be met with promises to deliver on-orbit "real estate" to sufficiently charitable donors, there would still be the risk that those donors would fall prey to "irrational exuberance" in trading that not-yet-real estate among themselves. Such a market failure could ''prematurely'' signal that exovivarium launch had become economically feasible. It would be better for all concerned to get the timing right.[^[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspace |NewSpace]] development has fallen prey to bubbles in the past, although there was no open-market "real estate" being staked out; the orbital assets of [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_satellite_constellation | Iridium]] and other late-90s satellite phone companies eventually sold for pennies on the dollar.^]

* Forward markets for prevention of asset bubbles.[^See e.g., [[http://129.3.20.41/eps/exp/papers/0201/0201001.pdf | "Can Markets Learn to Avoid Bubbles?"]], Ross M. Miller (Miller Risk Advisors), Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets, 2002^] If the high costs of exovivarium launch can be met with promises to deliver on-orbit "real estate" to sufficiently charitable donors, there would still be the risk that those donors would fall prey to "irrational exuberance" in trading that not-yet-real estate among themselves. Such a market failure could ''prematurely'' signal that exovivarium launch has become economically feasible. It would be better for all concerned to get the timing right.[^[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspace |NewSpace]] development has fallen prey to bubbles in the past, although there was no open-market "real estate" being staked out; the orbital assets of [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_satellite_constellation | Iridium]] and other late-90s satellite phone companies eventually sold for pennies on the dollar.^]

* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgism | Georgist taxation]] for equitable funding of most non-market governance. A tax only on the value of exovivarium interior spaces minus the value of their improvements has the virtue of permitting an unhindered market for improvements. The unimproved value of the property could be determined by a free market for internal space combined with competition in a market for (mandated) insurance on all improvements. Exovivaria could, after all, be damaged or lost through [[orbital debris]] impacts, internal conflagrations and other catastrophic events. Different surfaces and volumes within exovivaria might have varying market values, even prior to improvements. [^Although Georgism is historically associated with progressive social reform, a tax on the unimproved value of land was also deemed by the more-Libertarian [[Milton Friedman]] to be "the least bad tax" (Mark Blaug. ''Economica'', New Series, 47, no. 188 [1980] p. 472).^]

* Forward markets for prevention of asset bubbles.[^See e.g., [[http://129.3.20.41/eps/exp/papers/0201/0201001.pdf | "Can Markets Learn to Avoid Bubbles?"]], Ross M. Miller (Miller Risk Advisors), Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets, 2002^] If the high costs of exovivarium launch can be met with promises to deliver on-orbit "real estate" to sufficiently charitable donors, there would still be the risk that those donors would fall prey to "irrational exuberance" in trading that real estate among themselves. Such a market failure could ''prematurely'' signal that exovivarium launch has become economically feasible. It would be better for all concerned to get the timing right.[^[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspace |NewSpace]] development has fallen prey to bubbles in the past, although there was no open-market "real estate" being staked out; the orbital assets of [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_satellite_constellation | Iridium]] and other late-90s satellite phone companies eventually sold for pennies on the dollar.^]

* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor | Bancor]]-style international trading units to immunize funding of aid projects against exchange-rate fluctuations, and to help to ensure that trade among Project members flows toward selected [[equatorial alpine regions]]. When the Project as a whole is suffering coordination failures or internal political deadlock, a liquidity channel to its aid-beneficiary regions would at least help keep benefits flowing through individual donors buying goods and services from individual aid beneficiaries.

* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading | Emissions trading markets]] for ecosystem protection and management. Exovivaria will require keeping ecosystems alive with a very high ratio of "technosphere" mass to natural resource mass compared to the Earth's surface; user preferences for biomass will also incline toward a higher-than-natural fauna-to-flora ratio, since animals are more interesting to watch and interact with than plants. These two factors will greatly increase the need to balance emissions with consumption. In a habitat rotated for artificial gravity, even the movement of animals, piped/flowing water and user [[telebots]] would constitute a class of"emissions"; such movement could both aid and hamper the pointing of the exovivarium's solar collector toward the sun.[^Users might be able to earn "motion permissions" as well as be required to buy them; for one investigation into spacecraft attitude control using movement of internal masses see [[http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA481480&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf | "Internal Mass Motion for Spacecraft Dynamics and Control: Final Report"]], [[http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~cdhall/ | Christopher D. Hall]], Virginia Tech, 01-05-2008^]

[[Project Persephone]] studies market mechanisms for how they might substitute for (and even improve upon) bureaucratic governance, of both [[exovivaria]] and the organization itself. Among the mechanisms planned for evaluation and user trials in [[virtual exovivaria]] and terrestrial prototypes, as well as within [[equatorial alpine regions]] selected as aid beneficiaries:

* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgism | Georgist taxation]] for equitable funding of most non-market governance. A tax only on the value of exovivarium interior spaces minus the value of their improvements has the virtue of permitting an unhindered market for improvements. The unimproved value of the property could be determined by a free market for internal space combined with competition in a market for (mandated) insurance on all improvements. Exovivaria could, after all, be damaged or lost through [[orbital debris]] impacts, internal conflagrations and other catastrophic events. Different surfaces and volumes within exovivaria might have varying market values, even prior to improvements. [^Although Georgism is historically associated with progressive social reform, a tax on the unimproved value of land was also deemed by the more-Libertarian [[Milton Friedman]] to be "the least bad tax [...], the Henry George argument" (Mark Blaug. ''Economica'', New Series, 47, no. 188 [1980] p. 472).^]

[[Project Persephone]] studies market mechanisms for how they might substitute for (ideally, improve upon) bureaucratic governance, of both [[exovivaria]] and the organization itself. Among the mechanisms planned for evaluation and user trials in [[virtual exovivaria]] and terrestrial prototypes, as well as within [[equatorial alpine regions]] selected as aid beneficiaries:

**policy outcomes (i.e., [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futarchy | futarchy]][^Because pure futarchy as originally specified by [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hanson | Robin Hanson]] might fall afoul of disagreements over its democratic legitimacy, small-sample processes such as [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_opinion_poll | deliberative polling]] might be iteratively applied after "circuit breaker" petitions suspend what would otherwise have been automatic decisions.^])

* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor | Bancor]]-style international trading units to immunize funding of aid projects against exchange-rate fluctuations, and to help to ensure that trade among Project members flows toward selected [[equatorial alpine regions]]. When the Project as a whole is suffering coordination failures or internal political deadlock, a liquidity channel to its aid-beneficiary regions would at least help keep benefits flowing through market channels.

* Forward markets for prevention of asset bubbles.[^See e.g., [[http://129.3.20.41/eps/exp/papers/0201/0201001.pdf | "Can Markets Learn to Avoid Bubbles?"]], Ross M. Miller (Miller Risk Advisors), Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets, 2002^] If the high costs of exovivarium launch can be met with promises to deliver on-orbit "real estate" to sufficiently charitable donors, there would still be the risk that those donors would fall prey to "irrational exuberance" in trading that real estate among themselves. Such a market failure could prematurely signal that exovivarium launch has become economically feasible.[^[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspace |NewSpace]] development has fallen prey to bubbles in the past, although there was no open-market "real estate" being staked out; the orbital assets of [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_satellite_constellation | Iridium]] and other late-90s satellite phone companies eventually sold for pennies on the dollar.^]

[[Project Persephone]] studies market mechanisms for how they might substitute for (ideally, improve upon) bureaucratic governance, both of [[exovivaria]] and the organization itself. Among the mechanisms planned for evaluation and user trials in [[virtual exovivaria]] and terrestrial prototypes, as well as within [[equatorial alpine regions]] selected as aid beneficiaries:

* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_socialism | Coupon socialism]] for equitable distribution of proceeds. Project Persephone will adopt localities in [[equatorial alpine regions]] selected as candidate [[projectile space launch]] sites; it may emphasize employing [[telebots | telebot]] operators and building terrestrial prototype exovivaria in those regions. Assigning coupons to citizens in such areas enfranchises them in the success of the Project, including the success of enterprises within it -- especially enterprises that might employ them.

[[Project Persephone]] studies market mechanisms as ways to substitute for -- and ideally improve upon -- bureaucratic governance. Among the mechanisms planned for evaluation and user trials in [[virtual exovivaria]] and terrestrial prototypes, as well as within [[equatorial alpine regions]] selected as aid beneficiaries:

* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgism | Georgist taxation]] for equitable funding of most non-market governance. A tax onlyl on the value of exovivarium interior spaces minus the value of their improvements has the virtue of permitting an unhindered market for improvements. The unimproved value of the property could be determined by a free market for internal space combined with competition in a market for (mandated) insurance on all improvements. Exovivaria could, after all, be damaged or lost through [[orbital debris]] impacts, internal conflagrations and other catastrophic events. Different surfaces and volumes within exovivaria might have varying market values, even prior to improvements. [^Although Georgism is historically associated with progressive social reform, a tax on the unimproved value of land was also deemed by the more-Libertarian [[Milton Friedman]] to be "the least bad tax [...], the Henry George argument" (Mark Blaug. ''Economica'', New Series, 47, no. 188 [1980] p. 472).^]

[[Project Persephone]] studies market mechanisms as ways to substitute for -- and ideally improve upon -- bureaucratic governance. Among the mechanisms planned for evaluation and user trials in [[virtual exovivaria]] and terrestrial prototypes:

* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgism | Georgist taxation]] for equitable funding of non-market governance of exovivaria through taxes on the value of exovivarium interior spaces minus the value of their improvements. Tax-base property valuations could be determined by competition in a market for mandated insurance on the improvements. Exovivaria could, after all, be damaged or lost through [[orbital debris]] impacts, internal conflagrations and other catastrophic events. Different surfaces and volumes within exovivaria might have varying market values, even prior to improvements. [^Although Georgism is historically associated with progressive social reform, a tax on the unimproved value of land was also deemed by the more-Libertarian [[Milton Friedman]] to be "the least bad tax [...], the Henry George argument" (Mark Blaug. ''Economica'', New Series, 47, no. 188 [1980] p. 472).^]

* Resource exchanges for physical design of [[exovivaria]].[^See e.g. the discussion of the Cassini Resource Exchange in [[http://reason.com/archives/2002/10/01/the-experimental-economist/singlepage | "The Experimental Economist"]], Reason magazine, October 2002; see also the post-Cassini  work of [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randii_Wessen | Randii Wessen]] on resource exchanges for robotic spacecraft design.^] These could certainly be applied to virtual exovivaria and terrestrial prototypes; they might also apply to various picosatellite proof-of-concept experiments.
* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_socialism | Coupon socialism]] for equitable distribution of proceeds. Project Persephone will adopt localities in [[equatorial alpine regions]] selected as candidate [[projectile space launch]] sites; it may emphasize employing [[telebots | telebot]] operators and building terrestrial prototype exovivaria. Assigning coupons to citizens in such areas enfranchises them in the success of the Project, including the success of enterprises within it -- especially enterprises that might employ them.
* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor | Bancor]]-style international trading units to immunize funding of aid projects against exchange-rate fluctuations, and to help to ensure that trade among Project members flows toward selected [[equatorial alpine retions]].

**estimating likelihood of success for proposed projects

* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgism | Georgist taxation]] for equitable funding of non-market governance of exovivaria. Tax-base property valuations could be determined by competition in a market for mandated insurance on both improved and unimproved parcels of the interior of an exovivarium (whether [[virtual exovivaria | virtual]], terrestrial prototype, or actually orbiting). Exovivaria could be damaged or lost through [[orbital debris]] impacts and other catastrophic events. Different surfaces and volumes within exovivaria might have varying market values, even prior to improvements. [^Although Georgism is historically associated with progressive social reform, a tax on the unimproved value of land was also deemed by the more-Libertarin [[Milton Friedman]] to be "the least bad tax [...], the Henry George argument" (Mark Blaug. ''Economica'', New Series, 47, no. 188 [1980] p. 472).^]
* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading | Emissions trading markets]] for ecosystem protection and management. Exovivaria will require keeping ecosystems alive with a low ratio of natural resource base to "technosphere" (compared to Earth); users will also probably prefer a higher-than-natural ratio of fauna biomass to flora biomass, since animals are more interesting to watch and interact with. These two factors will greatly increase the need to balance emissions with consumption. In a habitat rotated for artificial gravity, even the movement of animals, piped/flowing water and user [[telebots]] would constitute a class of"emissions"; such movement could both aid and hamper the pointing of the exovivarium's solar collector toward the sun.[^Users might be able to earn "motion permissions" as well as be required to buy them; for one investigation into spacecraft attitude control using movement of internal masses see [[http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA481480&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf | "Internal Mass Motion for Spacecraft Dynamics and Control: Final Report"]], [[http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~cdhall/ | Christopher D. Hall]], Virginia Tech, 01-05-2008^]

* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_socialism | Coupon socialism]] for equitable distribution of proceeds. Project Persephone will adopt localities in [[equatorial alpine regions]] selected as candidate [[projectile space launch]] sites; it may emphasize employing its [[telebot]] operators from those regions. Assigning coupons to all citizens of such areas enfranchises them in the success of the Project, including the success of enterprises within it, including enterprises that might employ them.

* Forward markets for prevention of asset bubbles.[^See e.g., [[http://129.3.20.41/eps/exp/papers/0201/0201001.pdf | "Can Markets Learn to Avoid Bubbles?"]], Ross M. Miller (Miller Risk Advisors), Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets, 2002^] If the high costs of exovivarium launch can be met with promises to deliver on-orbit "real estate" to sufficiently charitable donors, there will be a risk that donors may begin trading in that real estate among themselves, leading to market failures. The failure of such a market would mean the failure to accurately signal when launch has become economically feasible.[^Although there was no "real estate" being staked out, space development has fallen prey to bubbles in the past; the orbital assets of [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_satellite_constellation | Iridium]] and other late-90s satellite phone companies eventually sold for pennies on the dollar.^] Derivatives that help signal when still-notional exovivarium "property" has become overvalued

* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_socialism | Coupon socialism]] for equitable distribution of proceeds.
* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor | Bancor]]-style international trading units to immunize funding of aid projects from exchange-rate fluctuations, and to help to ensure that trade among Project members flows toward aid-target regions in developing nations.
* Forward markets for prevention of asset bubbles.[^See e.g., [[http://129.3.20.41/eps/exp/papers/0201/0201001.pdf | "Can Markets Learn to Avoid Bubbles?"]], Ross M. Miller (Miller Risk Advisors), Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets, 2002^]

* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading | Emissions trading markets]] for ecosystem protection and management. Exovivaria will require keeping ecosystems alive with a relative low ratio of natural resource base to "technosphere", and a likely preference for fauna over flora among users, greatly increasing the need to keep emissions in balance with consumption.
* Resource exchanges for physical design of [[exovivaria]].[^See e.g. the discussion of the Cassini Resource Exchange in [[http://reason.com/archives/2002/10/01/the-experimental-economist/singlepage | "The Experimental Economist"]], Reason magazine, October 2002; see also the post-Cassini  work of [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randii_Wessen | Randii_Wessen]] on resource exchanges for robotic spacecraft design.^] These could certainly be applied to virtual exovivaria and terrestrial prototypes; they might also apply to various picosatellite proof-of-concept experiments.

* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_market | Prediction markets]], including markets for policy outcomes (e.g., [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futarchy | futarchy]][^Because pure futarchy as originally specified by [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hanson | Robin Hanson]] might fall afoul of disagreements over its democratic legitimacy, small-sample processes such as [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_opinion_poll | deliberative polling]] might be iteratively applied after "circuit breaker" petitions suspend what would otherwise have been automatic decisions.^]), for evaluating proposed projects in terms of their likelihood of success, and for schedule estimation.
* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgism | Georgist taxation]] for equitable funding of non-market governance, with tax-base property values determined by competition in an insurance market. Exovivaria ( whether virtual, terrestrial prototype, or actually orbiting), could be damaged or lost, and so could owned parts thereof.[^Although Georgism is historically associated with progressive social reform, a tax on the unimproved value of land was also deemed by [[Milton Friedman]] to be "the least bad tax [...], the Henry George argument" (Mark Blaug. ''Economica'', New Series, 47, no. 188 [1980] p. 472).^]

[[Project Persephone]] studies market mechanisms as ways to substitute for -- and ideally improve upon -- hierarchical (or non-market) governance. Among the mechanisms planned for evaluation and user trials in [[virtual exovivaria]] and terrestrial prototypes:

* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_market | Prediction markets]], including markets for policies (e.g., [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futarchy | futarchy]]), and for evaluating proposed projects in terms of their likelihood of success.[^Because pure futarchy as specified by Robin Hanson might run afoul of issues of democratic legitimacy, small-sample processes such as [[deliberative polling]] might be applied after "circuit breaker" petitions suspend what would otherwise be an automatic decision.^]
* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgism | Georgist taxation]] for equitable funding of non-market governance, with tax-base property values determined by competition in an insurance market.
* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading | Emissions trading markets]] for ecosystem protection and management.
* Dimensional trading markets for physical design of [[exovivaria]].[^See e.g. the discussion of the Cassini Resource Exchange in [[http://reason.com/archives/2002/10/01/the-experimental-economist/singlepage | "The Experimental Economist"]], Reason magazine, October 2002^]

* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor | Bancor]]-style international trading units for immunizing funding of projects from exchange-rate fluctuations and helping to ensure that trade flows toward aid-target regions in developing nations.

'''Market mechanism''' - a ''designed'' (rather than spontaneously emerging) market, engineered with policy goals in mind.

[[Project Persephone]] studies market mechanisms as ways to substitute for -- and ideally improve upon -- hierarchical (or non-market) governance. Among the mechanisms planned for evaluation and user trials in [[virtual exovivaria]]:

* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_market | Prediction markets]], including markets for policies (e.g., [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futarchy | futarchy]]), and for evaluating proposed projects in terms of their likelihood of success.

[[Project Persephone]] studies market mechanisms as ways to substitute for -- and ideally improve upon -- hierarchical (or non-market) governance. Among the mechanisms studied:

* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor | Bancor]]-style international trading units
* Forward markets for prevention of asset bubbles[^See e.g., [[http://129.3.20.41/eps/exp/papers/0201/0201001.pdf | "Can Markets Learn to Avoid Bubbles?"]], Ross M. Miller (Miller Risk Advisors), Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets, 2002^]

* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_market | Prediction markets]], including markets for policies (e.g., [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futarchy | futarchy]])
* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgism | Georgist taxation]] for equitable funding of non-market governance
* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading | Emissions trading markets]] for ecosystem management
* Dimensional trading markets for physical design[^See e.g. the discussion of the Cassini Resource Exchange in [[http://reason.com/archives/2002/10/01/the-experimental-economist/singlepage | "The Experimental Economist"]], Reason magazine, October 2002^]
* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_socialism | Coupon socialism]] for equitable wealth distribution

* Dimensional trading markets for physical design[^See e.g. the discussion of the Cassini Resource Exchange in [["The Experimental Economist"]], Reason magazine, October 2002^]