The idea of Earth as a ship in space can be traced back to the American social reformer Henry George.¹

^* Coinage is disputed. Buckminster Fuller is most frequently credited with coining the term Spaceship Earth. It's been claimed, in a book containing the German translation of Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (and "other writings") that he began using the term "Spaceship Earth" in 1951.⁶ However, his first documented use of the trope -- if not of the exact term "Spaceship Earth" -- seems to be in October, 1965, in an address to the Phi Beta Kappa Society.⁷ Adlai Stevenson had already given his speech at the U.N., in early July; perhaps before that, he'd suggested similar wording to LBJ, for a speech: that Earth was a "space ship spinning through unimaginable distance . . . . we can wreck that ship."⁸ An ambiguous citation of written credit for the term "Spaceship Earth" being used first by Fuller instead of Ward has been found in the Fuller library.⁹

The idea of Earth as a ship in space can be traced back to the American social reformer Henry George.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/BuckminsterFuller_cropped.jpg |Fuller, ca. 1917

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Barbara_Ward.gif | Barbara Ward

The term Spaceship Earth was apparently coined by British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development. Ward, a shipmate of Fuller's on the Delos cruises, credited him with the concept.^* The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend, the American diplomat Adlai Stevenson.¹⁴ Ward was the author of a book entitled "Spaceship Earth", first published in 1966.¹⁵ The term was soon picked up and promoted by the economist and philosopher Kenneth Boulding, by Robert McNamara (himself a Delos cruise veteran¹⁶) in his role at the World Bank,¹⁷ and eventually, through the influence of Ray Bradbury, by the Disney corporation.

It is perhaps unfair to call the Disney corporation's use of "Spaceship Earth" a vulgarization of the original concept. Walt Disney's vision for EPCOT - the Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow - was derided by some as a "commodified utopia",¹⁹ a grandiose reaction both to the problems of success seen in Disneyland's increasingly tawdry commercial periphery and to America's social failures in the mid-1960s. However, in Walt Disney's emphasis on a very dense urban core ringed with a greenbelt, with mass transportation conveniently connecting lower-density housing to the urban core, it's not hard to see that he was concerned with some issues of sustainability. Disney was both a technological innovator and an entertainment entrepreneur. Project Persephone unabashedly embraces both roles, so long as they are "Meeting the SPEC". A Spaceship Earth on which we are all crew, all the time, would be neither necessary nor sufficient. A Spaceship Earth on which most of us are having fun on most days -- a theme park taking itself as its theme -- would clearly be better, as long as it was sustainable. If exploiting space resources is the way to reach that ludotopia, Project Persephone could be a contributor to progress toward the goal.

It is perhaps unfair to call the Disney corporation's use of "Spaceship Earth" a corporate vulgarization of the original concept. Walt Disney's original vision for EPCOT - the Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow - was derided by some as a "commodified utopia",²¹ a grandiose reaction both to the problems of success seen in Disneyland's increasingly tawdry commercial periphery and to America's social failures in the mid-1960s. However, in Walt Disney's emphasis on a very dense urban core ringed with a greenbelt, with mass transportation conveniently connecting lower-density housing with the urban core, it's not hard to see that he was concerned with some issues of sustainability. Disney was both a technological innovator and an entertainment entrepreneur. Project Persephone unabashedly accepts the legitimacy of both roles, so long as they are "Meeting the SPEC". A Spaceship Earth on which we are all crew, all the time, is neither necessary nor sufficient. A Spaceship Earth on which most of us are having fun on most days -- a theme park taking itself as theme -- would clearly be better, as long as it was sustainable. If exploiting space resources is the way to reach that ludotopia, Project Persephone could be a small contributor to progress toward the goal.

^* Coinage is disputed. Buckminster Fuller is most frequently credited with coining the term Spaceship Earth. It's been claimed, in a book containing the German translation of Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (and "other writings") that he began using the term "Spaceship Earth" in 1951.²⁶ However, his first documented use of the trope -- if not of the exact term "Spaceship Earth" -- seems to be in October, 1965, in an address to the Phi Beta Kappa Society.²⁷ Adlai Stevenson had already given his speech at the U.N., in early July; perhaps before that, he'd suggested similar wording to LBJ, for a speech: that Earth was a "space ship spinning through unimaginable distance . . . . we can wreck that ship."²⁸ An ambiguous citation of written credit for the term "Spaceship Earth" being used first by Fuller instead of Ward has been found in the Fuller library.²⁹

The term Spaceship Earth was apparently coined by British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development. Ward, a shipmate of Fuller's on the Delos cruises, credited Buckminster Fuller with the concept.^* The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend, the American diplomat Adlai Stevenson.³⁶ Ward was the author of a book entitled "Spaceship Earth", first published in 1966.³⁷ The term was soon picked up and promoted by the economist and philosopher Kenneth Boulding, by Robert McNamara (himself a Delos cruise veteran³⁸) in his role at the World Bank,³⁹ and eventually, through the influence of Ray Bradbury, by the Disney corporation.

^* Coinage is disputed. Buckminster Fuller is most frequently credited with coining the term Spaceship Earth. It's been claimed, in a book containing the German translation of Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (and "other writings") that he began using the term "Spaceship Earth" in 1951.⁴⁵ However, his first documented use of the trope -- if not of the exact term "Spaceship Earth" -- in speeches seems to be in 1965, in the address to the Phi Beta Kappa Society. The lecture itself was delivered in October of 1965.⁴⁶ Adlai Stevenson had already given his speech at the U.N., in early July; perhaps before that, he'd suggested similar wording to LBJ, for a speech: that Earth was a "space ship spinning through unimaginable distance . . . . we can wreck that ship."⁴⁷ An ambiguous citation of written credit for the term "Spaceship Earth" being used first by Fuller instead of Ward has been found in the Fuller library.⁴⁸

The popularity of the concept of Earth as a spaceship undoubtedly owes much to the efforts of Buckminster Fuller, the author of Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth. In 1965, he said, in an address to the Phi Beta Kappa Society⁵²

By then, however, Fuller had been framing the problem of humanity's future in these terms for some time, during the cruises to Delos hosted by ekistics founder, the urban planner Constantinos Doxiadis.

The term Spaceship Earth was apparently coined by British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development. Ward, a shipmate of Fuller's on the Delos cruises, credited Buckminster Fuller with the concept.^* The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend, the American diplomat Adlai Stevenson.⁵³ Ward was the author of a book entitled "Spaceship Earth", first published in 1966.⁵⁴ The term was soon picked up and promoted by the economist and philosopher Kenneth Boulding, by Robert McNamara (himself a Delos cruise veteran⁵⁵) in his role at the World Bank⁵⁶, and eventually, through the influence of Ray Bradbury, by the Disney corporation.

From Stevenson's speech in Geneva, five days before his death:⁵⁸

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Henry_George.jpg/120px-Henry_George.jpg | Henry George The idea of Earth as a ship in space can be traced back to the American social reformer Henry George. He wrote in 1879:

Writing at a time when land speculation had brought ruin to many, Henry George famously proposed that taxes based only on land valuation would dampen such manias and lead to a more equitable society.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Buckminsterfuller.png/120px-Buckminsterfuller.png |Fuller, ca. 1917 Spaceship Earth is a term coined by British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development. Ward credited Buckminster Fuller with the concept.^* The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend, the American diplomat Adlai Stevenson.⁶⁴ Ward was the author of a book entitled "Spaceship Earth", first published in 1966.⁶⁵ The term was soon picked up and promoted by the economist and philosopher Kenneth Boulding, by Robert McNamara in his role at the World Bank⁶⁶, and eventually, through the influence of Ray Bradbury, by the Disney corporation.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a5/Barbara_Ward.gif | Barbara Ward

Disney, at the end of this life, wanted to solve pressing social (and, to some extent, environmental) problems. In Project Persephone's view of Spaceship Earth, Walt Disney might be considered an imperfect model, but still worthy of (posthumous) Honorary Crewmember status. Though Disney probably did not envision enshrining Spaceship Earth at EPCOT (credit for that is due to Ray Bradbury⁶⁸), if he'd lived to see Earth Day, he might have endorsed the concept.

Spaceship Earth is a term coined by British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development. The concept may trace back to Henry George.⁷² Ward credited Buckminster Fuller with the concept.^* The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend, the American diplomat Adlai Stevenson.⁷³ Ward was the author of a book entitled "Spaceship Earth", first published in 1966.⁷⁴ The term was soon picked up and promoted by the economist and philosopher Kenneth Boulding, by Robert McNamara in his role at the World Bank⁷⁵, and eventually, through the influence of Ray Bradbury, by the Disney corporation.

Barbara Ward drafted a speech for Adlai Stevenson, drawing from the Spaceship Earth idea as she conceived it. From Stevenson's speech in Geneva, five days before his death:⁷⁶

Spaceship Earth is a term coined by British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development. Ward credited Buckminster Fuller with the concept.^* The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend, the American diplomat Adlai Stevenson.⁷⁹ Ward was the author of a book entitled "Spaceship Earth", first published in 1966.⁸⁰ The term was soon picked up and promoted by the economist and philosopher Kenneth Boulding, by Robert McNamara in his role at the World Bank⁸¹, and eventually, through the influence of Ray Bradbury, by the Disney corporation.

Spaceship Earth is a term coined by British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development. Ward credited Buckminster Fuller with the concept.^* The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend, the American diplomat Adlai Stevenson.⁸³ Ward was the author of a book of the same title first published in 1966. The term was soon picked up and promoted by the economist and philosopher Kenneth Boulding, by Robert McNamara in his role at the World Bank⁸⁴, and eventually, through the influence of Ray Bradbury, by the Disney corporation.

Spaceship Earth is a term coined by British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development. Ward credited Buckminster Fuller with the concept.^* The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend, the American diplomat Adlai Stevenson. Ward was the author of a book of the same title first published in 1966. The term was soon picked up and promoted by the economist and philosopher Kenneth Boulding, by Robert McNamara in his role at the World Bank⁸⁶, and eventually, through the influence of Ray Bradbury, by the Disney corporation.

^* Coinage is disputed. Buckminster Fuller is most frequently credited with coining the term Spaceship Earth. It's been claimed, in a book containing the German translation of Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (and "other writings") that he began using the term "Spaceship Earth" in 1951.⁸⁹ However, his first documented use of the trope -- if not of the exact term "Spaceship Earth" -- in speeches seems to be in 1965, in an address to the Phi Beta Kappa Society.⁹⁰

The lecture itself was delivered in October of 1965.⁹² Adlai Stevenson had already given his speech at the U.N., in early July; perhaps before that, he'd suggested similar wording to LBJ, for a speech: that Earth was a "space ship spinning through unimaginable distance . . . . we can wreck that ship."⁹³ An ambiguous citation of written credit for the term "Spaceship Earth" being used first by Fuller instead of Ward has been found in the Fuller library.⁹⁴

^* Buckminster Fuller is most frequently credited with coining the term Spaceship Earth. It's been claimed, in a book containing the German translation of Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (and "other writings") that he began using the term "Spaceship Earth" in 1951.⁹⁷ However, his first documented use of the trope -- if not of the exact term "Spaceship Earth" -- in speeches seems to be in 1965, in an address to the Phi Beta Kappa Society.⁹⁸

The lecture itself was delivered in October of 1965.¹⁰⁰ Adlai Stevenson had already given his speech at the U.N., in early July. In Adlai Stevenson and the world, by John Bartlow Martin, Stevenson is mentioned as suggesting, for a speech by President Johnson, the wording that the Earth is a "space ship spinning through unimaginable distance . . . . we can wreck that ship." An ambiguous citation of written credit for Fuller instead of Ward can be found in Chapter 1, "Network Artists as Anticipatory Design Scientists" of Victoria Vesna's dissertation, "Networked Triadic Spaces".

The lecture itself was delivered in October of 1965¹⁰². Adlai Stevenson had already given his speech at the U.N., in early July. In Adlai Stevenson and the world, by John Bartlow Martin, Stevenson is mentioned as suggesting, for a speech by President Johnson, the wording that the Earth is a "space ship spinning through unimaginable distance . . . . we can wreck that ship." An ambiguous citation of written credit for Fuller instead of Ward can be found in Chapter 1, "Network Artists as Anticipatory Design Scientists" of Victoria Vesna's dissertation, "Networked Triadic Spaces".

Spaceship Earth is a term coined by British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development. Ward credited Buckminster Fuller with the concept^*. The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend, the American diplomat Adlai Stevenson. Ward was the author of a book of the same title first published in 1966. The term was soon picked up and promoted by the economist and philosopher Kenneth Boulding, by Robert McNamara in his role at the World Bank¹⁰⁴, and eventually, through the influence of Ray Bradbury, by the Disney corporation.

^* Buckminster Fuller is most frequently credited with coining the term Spaceship Earth. It's been claimed, in a book containing the German translation of Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (and "other writings") that he began using the term "Spaceship Earth" in 1951.¹⁰⁵ However, his first use of the trope -- but not of the exact term "Spaceship Earth" -- in speeches seems to be in 1965, in an address to the Phi Beta Kappa Society.¹⁰⁶

The lecture itself was delivered in October of 1965¹⁰⁷. Adlai Stevenson had already given his speech at the U.N. by early July. In Adlai Stevenson and the world, by John Bartlow Martin, Stevenson is mentioned as suggesting, for a speech by President Johnson, the wording that the Earth is a "space ship spinning through unimaginable distance . . . . we can wreck that ship." An ambiguous citation of written credit for Fuller instead of Ward can be found in Chapter 1, "Network Artists as Anticipatory Design Scientists" of Victoria Vesna's dissertation, "Networked Triadic Spaces".

It is perhaps unfair to call the Disney corporation's use of "Spaceship Earth" a corporate vulgarization of the original concept. Walt Disney's original vision for EPCOT - the Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow - derided by some as a "commodified utopia",¹⁰⁸ a grandiose reaction both to the problems of success seen in Disneyland's increasingly tawdry commercial periphery, and to America's social failures in the mid-1960s. However, in Walt Disney's emphasis on a very dense urban core ringed with a greenbelt, with mass transportation conveniently connecting lower-density housing with the urban core, it's not hard to see that he was concerned with some issues of sustainability. Disney was both a technological innovator and an entertainment entrepreneur. Project Persephone unabashedly accepts the legitimacy of both roles, so long as they are "Meeting the SPEC".

Disney, at the end of this life, wanted to solve pressing social (and, to some extent, environmental) problems. In Project Persephone's view of Spaceship Earth, Walt Disney might be considered an imperfect model, but still worthy of (posthumous) Honorary Crewmember status. Though he probably did not envision enshrining Spaceship Earth at EPCOT (credit for that is probably due to Ray Bradbury¹¹⁰), if he'd lived to see Earth Day, he might have endorsed the concept.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Walt_Disney_and_Dr._Wernher_von_Braun_-_GPN-2000-000060.jpg/120px-Walt_Disney_and_Dr._Wernher_von_Braun_-_GPN-2000-000060.jpg | Disney with von Braun

Spaceship Earth is a term coined by British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development. Ward credited Buckminster Fuller with the concept^*. The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend, the American diplomat Adlai Stevenson. Ward was the author of a book of the same title first published in 1966. The term was soon picked up and promoted by the economist and philosopher Kenneth Boulding, by Robert McNamara in his role at the World Bank¹¹², and eventually, through the influence of Ray Bradbury, by the Disney corporation.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Walt_Disney_and_Dr._Wernher_von_Braun_-_GPN-2000-000060.jpg/120px-Walt_Disney_and_Dr._Wernher_von_Braun_-_GPN-2000-000060.jpg | Disney with von Braun

Barbara Ward drafted a speech for Adlai Stevenson, drawing from the Spaceship Earth idea as she conceived it. From Stevenson's speech in Geneva, five days before his death:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ray_Douglas_Bradbury.svg/120px-Ray_Douglas_Bradbury.svg.png | Ray Bradbury Disney, at the end of this life, wanted to solve pressing social (and, to some extent, environmental) problems. In Project Persephone's view of Spaceship Earth, Walt Disney might be considered an imperfect model, but still worthy of (posthumous) Honorary Crewmember status. Though he probably did not envision enshrining Spaceship Earth at EPCOT (credit for that is probably due to Ray Bradbury¹¹³), if he'd lived to see Earth Day, he might have endorsed the concept.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Buckminsterfuller.png/120px-Buckminsterfuller.png |Fuller, ca. 1917

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a5/Barbara_Ward.gif | Barbara Ward

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Stevenson_and_Korean_officials_at_USAF_base_in_Korea%2C_March_1953-cropped_to_Stevenson.jpg/120px-Stevenson_and_Korean_officials_at_USAF_base_in_Korea%2C_March_1953-cropped_to_Stevenson.jpg | Adlai Stevenson

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Spaceship_Earth_at_night.jpg/120px-Spaceship_Earth_at_night.jpg | Epcot's Spaceship Earth

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Walt_disney_portrait.jpg/120px-Walt_disney_portrait.jpg | Walt Disney It is perhaps unfair to call the Disney corporation's use of "Spaceship Earth" a corporate vulgarization of the original concept. Walt Disney's original vision for EPCOT - the Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow - may have been a "commodified utopia", a somewhat grandiose reaction both to the problems of success seen in Disneyland's increasingly tawdry commercial periphery, and to America's social failures in the mid-1960s. However, in Walt Disney's emphasis on a very dense urban core ringed with a greenbelt, with mass transportation conveniently connecting lower-density housing with the urban core, it's not hard to see that he was concerned with some issues of sustainability. Disney was both a technological innovator and an entertainment entrepreneur. Project Persephone unabashedly accepts the legitimacy of both roles, so long as they are "Meeting the SPEC".

Disney, at the end of this life, wanted to solve pressing social (and, to some extent, environmental) problems. In Project Persephone's view of Spaceship Earth, Walt Disney might be considered an imperfect model, but still worthy of (posthumous) Honorary Crewmember status. Though he probably did not envision enshrining Spaceship Earth at EPCOT (credit for that is probably due to Ray Bradbury), if he'd lived to see Earth Day, he might have endorsed the concept.

^* Buckminster Fuller is most frequently credited with coining the term Spaceship Earth. It's been claimed, in a book containing the German translation of Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (and "other writings") that he began using the term "Spaceship Earth" in 1951. (Bedienungsanleitung für das Raumschiff Erde und andere Schriftenthat, Krauss & Fuller). However, his first use of the trope -- but not of the exact term "Spaceship Earth" -- in speeches seems to be in 1965, in an address "Vision 65 Summary Lecture", published in the magazine of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, The American Scholar, Vol. 35, p. 206, 1966 (April).

Spaceship Earth is a term coined by British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development. Ward credited Buckminster Fuller with the concept^*. The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend, the American diplomat Adlai Stevenson. Ward was the author of a book of the same title first published in 1966. The term was soon picked up and promoted by the economist and philosopher Kenneth Boulding, by Robert McNamara in his role at the World Bank¹¹⁴, and eventually even by the Disney corporation.

The lecture itself was delivered in October 1965. Adlai Stevenson had already given his speech at the U.N. by early July, 1965. In Adlai Stevenson and the world, by John Bartlow Martin, he is mentioned as suggesting, for a speech by President Johnson, the wording that the Earth is a "space ship spinning through unimaginable distance . . . . we can wreck that ship." An ambiguous citation of written credit for Fuller instead of Ward can be found in Chapter 1, "Network Artists as Anticipatory Design Scientists" of Victoria Vesna's dissertation, "Networked Triadic Spaces".

¹ There may be at least one earlier use, by Nikolai Federov, see p.79, The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers, George M. Young, ISBN-10: 0199892946 ⇑

² Bedienungsanleitung für das Raumschiff Erde und andere Schriftenthat, Krauss & Fuller, http://books.google.com/books?id=uZajAQAACAAJ&dq=%22Bedienungsanleitung+fuer+das+Raumschiff+Erde+und+andere+Schriften%22] ⇑

³ http://robertfripp.ca/index.cfm?Fuseaction=ArticleDisplay&ArticleID=524&SectionID=160 ⇑

⁴ John Bartlow Martin, Adlai Stevenson and the world, http://books.google.com/books?q=spinning.through.unimaginable.distance%20adlai&dq=spinning.through.unimaginable.distancei&hl=en&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wp ⇑

⁵ Chapter 1, "Network Artists as Anticipatory Design Scientists" of Victoria Vesna's dissertation, "Networked Triadic Spaces" ⇑

⁶ Bedienungsanleitung f�r das Raumschiff Erde und andere Schriftenthat, Krauss & Fuller, http://books.google.com/books?id=uZajAQAACAAJ&dq=%22Bedienungsanleitung+fuer+das+Raumschiff+Erde+und+andere+Schriften%22] ⇑

⁷ http://robertfripp.ca/index.cfm?Fuseaction=ArticleDisplay&ArticleID=524&SectionID=160 ⇑

⁸ John Bartlow Martin, Adlai Stevenson and the world, http://books.google.com/books?q=spinning.through.unimaginable.distance%20adlai&dq=spinning.through.unimaginable.distancei&hl=en&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wp ⇑

⁹ Chapter 1, "Network Artists as Anticipatory Design Scientists" of Victoria Vesna's dissertation, "Networked Triadic Spaces" ⇑

¹⁰ John McCormick, Reclaiming Paradise: The Global Environmental Movement, p.67 http://books.google.com/books?id=xC16yGp9-HUC&pg=PA67&dq=spaceship.earth+barbara.ward ⇑

¹¹ Barbara Ward, Spaceship Earth http://books.google.com/books?id=c7oHPAAACAAJ&dq=barbara.ward+spaceship.earth ⇑

¹² Jean Gartlan, Barbara Ward: Her Life and Letters, p.166 http://books.google.com/books?id=2Id7vrJvGWQC&lpg=PA166&dq=buckminster.fuller%20delos%20mcnamara&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q=delos&f=false ⇑

¹³ Robert Mcnamara, in One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development, 1973 ⇑

¹⁴ John McCormick, Reclaiming Paradise: The Global Environmental Movement, p.67 http://books.google.com/books?id=xC16yGp9-HUC&pg=PA67&dq=spaceship.earth+barbara.ward ⇑

¹⁵ Barbara Ward, Spaceship Earth http://books.google.com/books?id=c7oHPAAACAAJ&dq=barbara.ward+spaceship.earth ⇑

¹⁶ Jean Gartlan, Barbara Ward: Her Life and Letters, p.166 http://books.google.com/books?id=2Id7vrJvGWQC&lpg=PA166&dq=buckminster.fuller%20delos%20mcnamara&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q=delos&f=false ⇑

¹⁷ Robert Mcnamara, in One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development, 1973 ⇑

¹⁸ Matthew Arnold, "Walt Disney, EPCOT, the Creation of a Commodified Utopia", https://sites.google.com/site/theoriginalepcot/a-look-back ⇑

¹⁹ Matthew Arnold, "Walt Disney, EPCOT, the Creation of a Commodified Utopia", https://sites.google.com/site/theoriginalepcot/a-look-back ⇑

²⁰ Matthew Arnold, "Walt Disney, EPCOT, the Creation of a Commodified Utopia", https://sites.google.com/site/theoriginalepcot/a-look-back ⇑

²¹ Matthew Arnold, "Walt Disney, EPCOT, the Creation of a Commodified Utopia", https://sites.google.com/site/theoriginalepcot/a-look-back ⇑

²² Bedienungsanleitung für das Raumschiff Erde und andere Schriftenthat, Krauss & Fuller, http://books.google.com/books?id=uZajAQAACAAJ&dq=%22Bedienungsanleitung+fuer+das+Raumschiff+Erde+und+andere+Schriften%22] ⇑

²³ http://robertfripp.ca/index.cfm?Fuseaction=ArticleDisplay&ArticleID=524&SectionID=160 ⇑

²⁴ John Bartlow Martin, Adlai Stevenson and the world, http://books.google.com/books?q=spinning.through.unimaginable.distance%20adlai&dq=spinning.through.unimaginable.distancei&hl=en&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wp ⇑

²⁵ Chapter 1, "Network Artists as Anticipatory Design Scientists" of Victoria Vesna's dissertation, "Networked Triadic Spaces" ⇑

²⁶ Bedienungsanleitung für das Raumschiff Erde und andere Schriftenthat, Krauss & Fuller, http://books.google.com/books?id=uZajAQAACAAJ&dq=%22Bedienungsanleitung+fuer+das+Raumschiff+Erde+und+andere+Schriften%22] ⇑

²⁷ http://robertfripp.ca/index.cfm?Fuseaction=ArticleDisplay&ArticleID=524&SectionID=160 ⇑

²⁸ John Bartlow Martin, Adlai Stevenson and the world, http://books.google.com/books?q=spinning.through.unimaginable.distance%20adlai&dq=spinning.through.unimaginable.distancei&hl=en&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wp ⇑

²⁹ Chapter 1, "Network Artists as Anticipatory Design Scientists" of Victoria Vesna's dissertation, "Networked Triadic Spaces" ⇑

³⁰ Henry George, Progress and Poverty, Book IV, Ch. 2, 1879 ⇑

³¹ Henry George, Progress and Poverty, Book IV, Ch. 2, 1879 ⇑

³² John McCormick, Reclaiming Paradise: The Global Environmental Movement, p.67 http://books.google.com/books?id=xC16yGp9-HUC&pg=PA67&dq=spaceship.earth+barbara.ward ⇑

³³ Barbara Ward, Spaceship Earth http://books.google.com/books?id=c7oHPAAACAAJ&dq=barbara.ward+spaceship.earth ⇑

³⁴ Jean Gartlan, Barbara Ward: Her Life and Letters, p.166 http://books.google.com/books?id=2Id7vrJvGWQC&lpg=PA166&dq=buckminster.fuller%20delos%20mcnamara&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q=delos&f=false ⇑

³⁵ Robert Mcnamara, in One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development, 1973 ⇑

³⁶ John McCormick, Reclaiming Paradise: The Global Environmental Movement, p.67 http://books.google.com/books?id=xC16yGp9-HUC&pg=PA67&dq=spaceship.earth+barbara.ward ⇑

³⁷ Barbara Ward, Spaceship Earth http://books.google.com/books?id=c7oHPAAACAAJ&dq=barbara.ward+spaceship.earth ⇑

³⁸ Jean Gartlan, Barbara Ward: Her Life and Letters, p.166 http://books.google.com/books?id=2Id7vrJvGWQC&lpg=PA166&dq=buckminster.fuller%20delos%20mcnamara&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q=delos&f=false ⇑

³⁹ Robert Mcnamara, in One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development, 1973 ⇑

⁴⁰ Bedienungsanleitung für das Raumschiff Erde und andere Schriftenthat, Krauss & Fuller, http://books.google.com/books?id=uZajAQAACAAJ&dq=%22Bedienungsanleitung+fuer+das+Raumschiff+Erde+und+andere+Schriften%22] ⇑

⁴¹ "Vision 65 Summary Lecture", published in the magazine of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, The American Scholar, Vol. 35, p. 206, 1966 (April); reprinted in Fuller's Utopia or Oblivian ⇑

⁴² http://robertfripp.ca/index.cfm?Fuseaction=ArticleDisplay&ArticleID=524&SectionID=160 ⇑

⁴³ John Bartlow Martin, Adlai Stevenson and the world, http://books.google.com/books?q=spinning.through.unimaginable.distance%20adlai&dq=spinning.through.unimaginable.distancei&hl=en&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wp ⇑

⁴⁴ Chapter 1, "Network Artists as Anticipatory Design Scientists" of Victoria Vesna's dissertation, "Networked Triadic Spaces" ⇑

⁴⁵ Bedienungsanleitung für das Raumschiff Erde und andere Schriftenthat, Krauss & Fuller, http://books.google.com/books?id=uZajAQAACAAJ&dq=%22Bedienungsanleitung+fuer+das+Raumschiff+Erde+und+andere+Schriften%22] ⇑

⁴⁶ http://robertfripp.ca/index.cfm?Fuseaction=ArticleDisplay&ArticleID=524&SectionID=160 ⇑

⁴⁷ John Bartlow Martin, Adlai Stevenson and the world, http://books.google.com/books?q=spinning.through.unimaginable.distance%20adlai&dq=spinning.through.unimaginable.distancei&hl=en&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wp ⇑

⁴⁸ Chapter 1, "Network Artists as Anticipatory Design Scientists" of Victoria Vesna's dissertation, "Networked Triadic Spaces" ⇑

⁴⁹ John McCormick, Reclaiming Paradise: The Global Environmental Movement, p.67 http://books.google.com/books?id=xC16yGp9-HUC&pg=PA67&dq=spaceship.earth+barbara.ward ⇑

⁵⁰ Barbara Ward, Spaceship Earth http://books.google.com/books?id=c7oHPAAACAAJ&dq=barbara.ward+spaceship.earth ⇑

⁵¹ Robert Mcnamara, in One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development, 1973 ⇑

⁵² "Vision 65 Summary Lecture", published in the magazine of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, The American Scholar, Vol. 35, p. 206, 1966 (April); reprinted in Fuller's Utopia or Oblivian ⇑

⁵³ John McCormick, Reclaiming Paradise: The Global Environmental Movement, p.67 http://books.google.com/books?id=xC16yGp9-HUC&pg=PA67&dq=spaceship.earth+barbara.ward ⇑

⁵⁴ Barbara Ward, Spaceship Earth http://books.google.com/books?id=c7oHPAAACAAJ&dq=barbara.ward+spaceship.earth ⇑

⁵⁵ Jean Gartlan, Barbara Ward: Her Life and Letters, p.166 http://books.google.com/books?id=2Id7vrJvGWQC&lpg=PA166&dq=buckminster.fuller%20delos%20mcnamara&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q=delos&f=false ⇑

⁵⁶ Robert Mcnamara, in One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development, 1973 ⇑

⁵⁷ Suzanne Mc Intire?, American Heritage Book of Great American Speeches for Young People, p.230 http://books.google.com/books?id=B1XgK1SRqPwC&pg=PA230&dq=%22We+travel+together,+passengers+on+a+little+space+ship%22 ⇑

⁵⁸ Suzanne Mc Intire?, American Heritage Book of Great American Speeches for Young People, p.230 http://books.google.com/books?id=B1XgK1SRqPwC&pg=PA230&dq=%22We+travel+together,+passengers+on+a+little+space+ship%22 ⇑

⁵⁹ It is a well-provisioned ship, this on which we sail through space. If the bread and beef above decks seem to grow scarce, we but open a hatch and there is a new supply, of which before we never dreamed. And very great command over the services of others comes to those who as the hatches are opened are permitted to say, "This is mine!". Henry George, Progress and Poverty, Book IV, Ch. 2, 1879 ⇑

⁶⁰ John McCormick, Reclaiming Paradise: The Global Environmental Movement, p.67 http://books.google.com/books?id=xC16yGp9-HUC&pg=PA67&dq=spaceship.earth+barbara.ward ⇑

⁶¹ Barbara Ward, Spaceship Earth http://books.google.com/books?id=c7oHPAAACAAJ&dq=barbara.ward+spaceship.earth ⇑

⁶² Robert Mcnamara, in One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development, 1973 ⇑

⁶³ Henry George, Progress and Poverty, Book IV, Ch. 2, 1879 ⇑

⁶⁴ John McCormick, Reclaiming Paradise: The Global Environmental Movement, p.67 http://books.google.com/books?id=xC16yGp9-HUC&pg=PA67&dq=spaceship.earth+barbara.ward ⇑

⁶⁵ Barbara Ward, Spaceship Earth http://books.google.com/books?id=c7oHPAAACAAJ&dq=barbara.ward+spaceship.earth ⇑

⁶⁶ Robert Mcnamara, in One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development, 1973 ⇑

⁶⁷ Robin Miller, "Ray Bradbury - Following his passion to Mars", http://www.raybradbury.com/articles_town_talk.html ⇑

⁶⁸ Robin Miller, "Ray Bradbury - Following his passion to Mars", http://www.raybradbury.com/articles_town_talk.html ⇑

⁶⁹ John McCormick, Reclaiming Paradise: The Global Environmental Movement, p.67 http://books.google.com/books?id=xC16yGp9-HUC&pg=PA67&dq=spaceship.earth+barbara.ward ⇑

⁷⁰ Barbara Ward, Spaceship Earth http://books.google.com/books?id=c7oHPAAACAAJ&dq=barbara.ward+spaceship.earth ⇑

⁷¹ Robert Mcnamara, in One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development, 1973 ⇑

⁷² It is a well-provisioned ship, this on which we sail through space. If the bread and beef above decks seem to grow scarce, we but open a hatch and there is a new supply, of which before we never dreamed. And very great command over the services of others comes to those who as the hatches are opened are permitted to say, "This is mine!". Henry George, Progress and Poverty, Book IV, Ch. 2, 1879 ⇑

⁷³ John McCormick, Reclaiming Paradise: The Global Environmental Movement, p.67 http://books.google.com/books?id=xC16yGp9-HUC&pg=PA67&dq=spaceship.earth+barbara.ward ⇑

⁷⁴ Barbara Ward, Spaceship Earth http://books.google.com/books?id=c7oHPAAACAAJ&dq=barbara.ward+spaceship.earth ⇑

⁷⁵ Robert Mcnamara, in One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development, 1973 ⇑

⁷⁶ Suzanne Mc Intire?, American Heritage Book of Great American Speeches for Young People, p.230 http://books.google.com/books?id=B1XgK1SRqPwC&pg=PA230&dq=%22We+travel+together,+passengers+on+a+little+space+ship%22 ⇑

⁷⁷ John McCormick, Reclaiming Paradise: The Global Environmental Movement, p.67 http://books.google.com/books?id=xC16yGp9-HUC&pg=PA67&dq=spaceship.earth+barbara.ward ⇑

⁷⁸ Robert Mcnamara, in One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development, 1973 ⇑

⁷⁹ John McCormick, Reclaiming Paradise: The Global Environmental Movement, p.67 http://books.google.com/books?id=xC16yGp9-HUC&pg=PA67&dq=spaceship.earth+barbara.ward ⇑

⁸⁰ Barbara Ward, Spaceship Earth http://books.google.com/books?id=c7oHPAAACAAJ&dq=barbara.ward+spaceship.earth ⇑

⁸¹ Robert Mcnamara, in One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development, 1973 ⇑

⁸² Robert Mcnamara, in One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development, 1973 ⇑

⁸³ John McCormick, Reclaiming Paradise: The Global Environmental Movement, p.67 http://books.google.com/books?id=xC16yGp9-HUC&pg=PA67&dq=spaceship.earth+barbara.ward ⇑

⁸⁴ Robert Mcnamara, in One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development, 1973 ⇑

⁸⁵ Robert Mcnamara, in One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development, 1973 ⇑

⁸⁶ Robert Mcnamara, in One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development, 1973 ⇑

⁸⁷ Bedienungsanleitung für das Raumschiff Erde und andere Schriftenthat, Krauss & Fuller, http://books.google.com/books?id=uZajAQAACAAJ&dq=%22Bedienungsanleitung+fuer+das+Raumschiff+Erde+und+andere+Schriften%22] ⇑

⁸⁸ "Vision 65 Summary Lecture", published in the magazine of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, The American Scholar, Vol. 35, p. 206, 1966 (April); reprinted in Fuller's Utopia or Oblivian ⇑

⁸⁹ Bedienungsanleitung für das Raumschiff Erde und andere Schriftenthat, Krauss & Fuller, http://books.google.com/books?id=uZajAQAACAAJ&dq=%22Bedienungsanleitung+fuer+das+Raumschiff+Erde+und+andere+Schriften%22] ⇑

⁹⁰ "Vision 65 Summary Lecture", published in the magazine of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, The American Scholar, Vol. 35, p. 206, 1966 (April); reprinted in Fuller's Utopia or Oblivian ⇑

⁹¹ http://robertfripp.ca/index.cfm?Fuseaction=ArticleDisplay&ArticleID=524&SectionID=160 ⇑

⁹² http://robertfripp.ca/index.cfm?Fuseaction=ArticleDisplay&ArticleID=524&SectionID=160 ⇑

⁹³ John Bartlow Martin, Adlai Stevenson and the world, http://books.google.com/books?q=spinning.through.unimaginable.distance%20adlai&dq=spinning.through.unimaginable.distancei&hl=en&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wp ⇑

⁹⁴ Chapter 1, "Network Artists as Anticipatory Design Scientists" of Victoria Vesna's dissertation, "Networked Triadic Spaces" ⇑

⁹⁵ Bedienungsanleitung für das Raumschiff Erde und andere Schriftenthat, Krauss & Fuller, http://books.google.com/books?id=uZajAQAACAAJ&dq=%22Bedienungsanleitung+fuer+das+Raumschiff+Erde+und+andere+Schriften%22] ⇑

⁹⁶ "Vision 65 Summary Lecture", published in the magazine of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, The American Scholar, Vol. 35, p. 206, 1966 (April); reprinted in Fuller's Utopia or Oblivian ⇑

⁹⁷ Bedienungsanleitung für das Raumschiff Erde und andere Schriftenthat, Krauss & Fuller, http://books.google.com/books?id=uZajAQAACAAJ&dq=%22Bedienungsanleitung+fuer+das+Raumschiff+Erde+und+andere+Schriften%22] ⇑

⁹⁸ "Vision 65 Summary Lecture", published in the magazine of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, The American Scholar, Vol. 35, p. 206, 1966 (April); reprinted in Fuller's Utopia or Oblivian ⇑

⁹⁹ http://robertfripp.ca/index.cfm?Fuseaction=ArticleDisplay&ArticleID=524&SectionID=160 ⇑

¹⁰⁰ http://robertfripp.ca/index.cfm?Fuseaction=ArticleDisplay&ArticleID=524&SectionID=160 ⇑

¹⁰¹ http://robertfripp.ca/index.cfm?Fuseaction=ArticleDisplay&ArticleID=524&SectionID=160 ⇑

¹⁰² http://robertfripp.ca/index.cfm?Fuseaction=ArticleDisplay&ArticleID=524&SectionID=160 ⇑

¹⁰³ Robert Mcnamara, in One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development, 1973 ⇑

¹⁰⁴ Robert Mcnamara, in One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development, 1973 ⇑

¹⁰⁵ Bedienungsanleitung für das Raumschiff Erde und andere Schriftenthat, Krauss & Fuller, http://books.google.com/books?id=uZajAQAACAAJ&dq=%22Bedienungsanleitung+fuer+das+Raumschiff+Erde+und+andere+Schriften%22] ⇑

¹⁰⁶ "Vision 65 Summary Lecture", published in the magazine of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, The American Scholar, Vol. 35, p. 206, 1966 (April); reprinted in Fuller's Utopia or Oblivian ⇑

¹⁰⁷ http://robertfripp.ca/index.cfm?Fuseaction=ArticleDisplay&ArticleID=524&SectionID=160 ⇑

¹⁰⁸ Matthew Arnold, "Walt Disney, EPCOT, the Creation of a Commodified Utopia", https://sites.google.com/site/theoriginalepcot/a-look-back ⇑

¹⁰⁹ http://www.raybradbury.com/articles_town_talk.html ⇑

¹¹⁰ Robin Miller, "Ray Bradbury - Following his passion to Mars", http://www.raybradbury.com/articles_town_talk.html ⇑

¹¹¹ Robert Mcnamara, in One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development, 1973 ⇑

¹¹² Robert Mcnamara, in One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development, 1973 ⇑

¹¹³ http://www.raybradbury.com/articles_town_talk.html ⇑

¹¹⁴ Robert Mcnamara, in One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development, 1973 ⇑

Spaceship Earth is a term coined by British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development. Ward credited Buckminster Fuller with the concept^*. The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend, the American diplomat Adlai Stevenson. Ward was the author of a book of the same title first published in 1966. The term was soon picked up and promoted by the economist and philosopher Kenneth Boulding.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kennesaw_State_Spaceship_Earth_and_Social_Science.JPG/240px-Kennesaw_State_Spaceship_Earth_and_Social_Science.JPG

It is perhaps unfair to call the Disney corporation's use of "Spaceship Earth" a corporate vulgarization of the original concept. Walt Disney's original vision for EPCOT - the Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow - may have been a "commodified utopia", a somewhat grandiose reaction both to the problems of success seen in Disneyland's increasingly tawdry commercial periphery, and to America's social failures in the mid-1960s. However, in Walt Disney's emphasis on a very dense urban core ringed with a greenbelt, with mass transportation conveniently connecting lower-density housing with the urban core, it's not hard to see that he was concerned with some issues of sustainability. Disney was both a technological innovator and an entertainment entrepreneur. Project Persephone unabashedly accepts the legitimacy of both roles, so long as they are "Meeting the SPEC". Disney, at the end of this life, wanted to solve pressing social (and, to some extent, environmental) problems. In Project Persephone's view of Spaceship Earth, Walt Disney might be considered an imperfect model, but still worthy of (posthumous) Honorary Crewmember status. Though he probably did not envision enshrining Spaceship Earth at EPCOT (credit for that is probably due to Ray Bradbury), if he'd lived to see Earth Day, he might have endorsed the concept.

Spaceship Earth is a term coined by British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development. Ward credited Buckminster Fuller with the concept^*. The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend, the American diplomat Adlai Stevenson. Ward was the author of a book of the same title first published in 1966. The term was soon picked up and promoted by the economist and philosopher Kenneth Boulding.

^* Buckminster Fuller is most frequently credited with coining the term Spaceship Earth. It's been claimed, in a book containing the German translation of Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (and "other writings") that he began using the term "Spaceship Earth" in 1951. (Bedienungsanleitung für das Raumschiff Erde und andere Schriftenthat, Krauss & Fuller). However, his first use of the trope -- but not of the exact term "Spaceship Earth" in speeches seems to be in 1965, in an address "Vision 65 Summary Lecture", published in the magazine of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, The American Scholar, Vol. 35, p. 206, 1966 (April).

The lecture itself was delivered in October 1965. Adlai Stevenson had already given his speech at the U.N. by early July, 1965. In Adlai Stevenson and the world, by John Bartlow Martin, he is mentioned as suggesting, for a speech by President Johnson, the wording that the Earth is a "space ship spinning through unimaginable distance . . . . we can wreck that ship." An ambiguous citation of written credit for Fuller instead of Ward can be found in Chapter 1, "Network Artists as Anticipatory Design Scientists" of Victoria Vesna's dissertation, "Networked Triadic Spaces".

^* Buckminster Fuller is most frequently credited with coining the term Spaceship Earth. It's been claimed, in a book containing the German translation of Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (and "other writings") that he began using the term "Spaceship Earth" in 1951. (Bedienungsanleitung für das Raumschiff Erde und andere Schriftenthat, Krauss & Fuller). However, his first use of "Spaceship Earth" in speeches seems to be in 1965, in an address "Vision 65 Summary Lecture", published in the magazine of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, The American Scholar, Vol. 35, p. 206, 1966 (April). The lecture itself was delivered in October 1965. Adlai Stevenson had already given his speech at the U.N. by early July, 1965. In Adlai Stevenson and the world, by John Bartlow Martin, he is mentioned as suggesting, for a speech by President Johnson, the wording that the Earth is a "space ship spinning through unimaginable distance . . . . we can wreck that ship." An ambiguous citation of written credit for Fuller instead of Ward can be found in Chapter 1, "Network Artists as Anticipatory Design Scientists" of Victoria Vesna's dissertation, "Networked Triadic Spaces".

^* Buckminster Fuller is most frequently credited with coining the term Spaceship Earth. It's been claimed, in a book containing the German translation of Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (and "other writings") that he began using the term "Spaceship Earth" in 1951. (Bedienungsanleitung für das Raumschiff Erde und andere Schriftenthat, Krauss & Fuller). However, his first use of "Spaceship Earth" in speeches seems to be in 1965, in an address "Vision 65 Summary Lecture", published in the magazine of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, The American Scholar, Vol. 35, p. 206, 1966 (April). The lecture itself was delivered in October 1965. Adlai Stevenson had already given his speech at the U.N. by early July, 1965. In Adlai Stevenson and the world, by John Bartlow Martin, he is mentioned as suggesting, for a speech by President Johnson, the wording that the Earth is a "space ship spinning through unimaginable distance . . . . we can wreck that ship." An ambiguous citation for crediting Fuller instead of Ward can be found in Chapter 1, "Network Artists as Anticipatory Design Scientists" of Victoria Vesna?'s dissertation, [http://vv.arts.ucla.edu/thesis/summary.html | "Networked Triadic Spaces"]].

It is perhaps unfair to call the Disney corporation's use of "Spaceship Earth" a corporate vulgarization of the original concept. Walt Disney's original vision for EPCOT - the Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow - may have been a "commodified utopia", a somewhat grandiose reaction both to the problems of success seen in Disneyland's increasingly tawdry commercial periphery, and to America's social failures in the mid-1960s. However, in Walt Disney's emphasis on a very dense urban core ringed with a greenbelt, with mass transportation conveniently connecting lower-density housing with the urban core, it's not hard to see that he was concerned with some issues of sustainability. Disney was both a technological innovator and an entertainment entrepreneur. Project Persephone unabashedly accepts the legitimacy of both roles, so long as they are "Meeting SPEC?". Disney, at the end of this life, wanted to solve pressing social (and, to some extent, environmental) problems. In Project Persephone's view of Spaceship Earth, Walt Disney might be considered an imperfect model, but still worthy of (posthumous) Honorary Crewmember status. Though he probably did not envision enshrining Spaceship Earth at EPCOT (credit for that is probably due to Ray Bradbury), if he'd lived to see Earth Day, he might have endorsed the concept.

^* Buckminster Fuller is most frequently credited with coining the term Spaceship Earth. It's been claimed, in a book containing the German translation of Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (and "other writings") that he began using the term "Spaceship Earth" in 1951. (Bedienungsanleitung für das Raumschiff Erde und andere Schriftenthat, Krauss & Fuller). However, his first use of "Spaceship Earth" in speeches seems to be in 1965, in an address "Vision 65 Summary Lecture", published in the magazine of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, The American Scholar, Vol. 35, p. 206, 1966 (April). The lecture itself was delivered in October 1965. Adlai Stevenson had already given his speech at the U.N. by early July, 1965. In Adlai Stevenson and the world, by John Bartlow Martin, he is mentioned as suggesting, for a speech by President Johnson, the wording that the Earth is a "space ship spinning through unimaginable distance . . . . we can wreck that ship."

^* Buckminster Fuller is most frequently credited with coining the term Spaceship Earth. It's been claimed (but not supported with any citations) that he began using this term in speeches as early as 1951. (Joichim et al.) However, his first use of "Spaceship Earth" in speeches seems to be in 1965, in an address "Vision 65 Summary Lecture", published in the magazine of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, The American Scholar, Vol. 35, p. 206, 1966 (April). The lecture itself was delivered in October 1965. Adlai Stevenson had already given his speech at the U.N. by early July, 1965. In Adlai Stevenson and the world, by John Bartlow Martin, he is mentioned as suggesting, for a speech by President Johnson, the wording that the Earth is a "space ship spinning through unimaginable distance . . . . we can wreck that ship."

The term "Spaceship Earth" was never trademarked. Project Persephone certainly doesn't seek to appropriate it, but at most to re-illuminate it from new angles. However, if there has been any serious contender for appropriation of the term, as reflected in popular usage, it was the Disney corporation, with its Spaceship Earth attraction at Disney World's Epcot.

Spaceship Earth is a term coined by British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development. The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend, the American diplomat Adlai Stevenson. Ward was the author of a book of the same title first published in 1966. The term was soon picked up and promoted by the economist and philosopher Kenneth Boulding and perhaps most famously by Buckminster Fuller^*.

^* Buckminster Fuller is most frequently credited with coining the term Spaceship Earth. It's been claimed (but not supported with any citations) that he began using this term in speeches as early as 1951. (Joichim et al.) However, his first use of "Spaceship Earth" in speeches seems to be in 1965, in an address "Vision 65 Summary Lecture", published in the magazine of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, The American Scholar, Vol. 35, p. 206, 1966 (April). The lecture itself was delivered in October 1965. Adlai Stevenson had already given his speech at the U.N. by early July, 1965. In Adlai Stevenson and the world, by John Bartlow Martin, he is mentioned as offering for a presidential speech the wording that the Earth is a "space ship spinning through unimaginable distance . . . . we can wreck that ship."

Spaceship Earth is a term coined by British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development. The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend, the American diplomat Adlai Stevenson. Ward was the author of a book of the same title first published in 1966. The term was soon picked up and promoted by the economist and philosopher Kenneth Boulding and perhaps most famously by Buckminster Fuller^_*_^.

^_*_^ Buckminster Fuller is most frequently credited with coining the term Spaceship Earth. It's been claimed (but not supported with any citations) that he began using this term in speeches as early as 1951. (Joichim et al.) However, his first use of "Spaceship Earth" in speeches seems to be in 1965, in an address "Vision 65 Summary Lecture", published in the magazine of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, The American Scholar, Vol. 35, p. 206, 1966 (April). The lecture itself was delivered in October 1965. Adlai Stevenson had already given his speech at the U.N. by early July, 1965. In Adlai Stevenson and the world, by John Bartlow Martin, he is mentioned as offering for a presidential speech the wording that the Earth is a "space ship spinning through unimaginable distance . . . . we can wreck that ship."

Buckminster Fuller is most frequently credited with coining the term Spaceship Earth. It's been claimed (but not supported with any citations) that he began using this term in speeches as early as 1951. (Joichim et al.) However, his first use of "Spaceship Earth" in speeches seems to be in 1965, in an address "Vision 65 Summary Lecture", published in the magazine of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, The American Scholar, Vol. 35, p. 206, 1966 (April). The lecture itself was delivered in October 1965. Adlai Stevenson had already given his speech at the U.N. by early July, 1965. In Adlai Stevenson and the world, by John Bartlow Martin, he is mentioned as offering for a presidential speech the wording that the Earth is a "space ship spinning through unimaginable distance . . . . we can wreck that ship."

Buckminster Fuller is most frequently credited with coining the term Spaceship Earth. It's been claimed (but not supported with any citations) that he began using this term in speeches as early as 1951. (Joichim et al.) However, the first use of it in speeches seems to be in 1965, in an address "Vision 65 Summary Lecture", published in the magazine of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, The American Scholar, Vol. 35, p. 206, 1966 (April). The lecture itself was deliver in October 1965.

It is perhaps unfair to call the Disney corporation's use of "Spaceship Earth" a corporate vulgarization of the original concept. Walt Disney's original vision for EPCOT - the Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow - may have been a "commodified utopia", a somewhat grandiose reaction both to the problems of success seen in Disneyland's increasingly tawdry commercial periphery, and to America's social failures in the mid-1960s. However, in Walt Disney's emphasis on a very dense urban core ringed with a greenbelt, with mass transportation conveniently connecting lower-density housing with the urban core, it's not hard to see that he was concerned with some issues of sustainability. Disney was both a technological innovator and an entertainment entrepreneur. Project Persephone unabashedly accepts the legitimacy of both roles, so long as they are "Meeting SPEC?". Disney, at the end of this life, wanted to solve pressing social (and, to some extent, environmental) problems. In Project Persephone's vision of Spaceship Earth, Walt Disney might be considered an imperfect model, at best, but also worthy of a posthumous grant of Honorary Crewmember.

Notes

Buckminster Fuller is most frequently credited with coining the term Spaceship Earth. It's been claimed (but not supported with any citations) that he began using this term in speeches as early as 1951. (Joichim et al.) However, the first use of it in speeches seems to be in 1965, in an address "Vision 65 Summary Lecture", published in the magazine of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, The American Scholar, Vol. 35, p. 206, 1966.

It is perhaps unfair to call the Disney corporation's use of "Spaceship Earth" a corporate vulgarization of the original concept. Walt Disney's original vision for EPCOT - the Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow - may have been a "commodified utopia", a somewhat grandiose reaction both to the problems of success seen in Disneyland's increasingly tawdry commercial periphery, and to America's social failures in the mid-1960s. However, in Walt Disney's emphasis on a very dense urban core ringed with a greenbelt, with mass transportation conveniently connecting lower-density housing with the urban core, it's not hard to see that he was concerned with some issues of sustainability. Disney was both a technological innovator and an entertainment entrepreneur. Project Persephone unabashedly accepts the legitimacy of both roles, so long as they are "Meeting SPEC?". Disney, at the end of this life, wanted to solve pressing social (and, to some extent, environmental) problems. In Project Persephone's vision of Spaceship Earth, Walt Disney might be considered an imperfect model, at best, but also worthy of a posthumous grant of Honorary Crewmember.

It is perhaps unfair to call the Disney corporation's use of "Spaceship Earth" a corporate vulgarization of the original concept. Walt Disney's original vision for EPCOT - the Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow - may have been a "commodified utopia", a somewhat grandiose reaction to both Disneyland's increasingly tawdry commercial periphery and to America's festering urban problems and unrest. However, in Walt Disney's emphasis on a very dense urban core ringed with a greenbelt, with mass transportation conveniently connecting lower-density housing with the urban core, it's not hard to see that he was concerned with some issues of sustainability. Disney was both a technological innovator and an entertainment entrepreneur. Project Persephone unabashedly accepts the legitimacy of both roles, so long as they are "Meeting SPEC?". Disney, at the end of this life, wanted to solve pressing social (and, to some extent, environmental) problems. In Project Persephone's vision of Spaceship Earth, Walt Disney might be considered an imperfect model, at best, but also worthy of a posthumous grant of Honorary Crewmember.

The term "Spaceship Earth" was never trademarked. Project Persephone certainly doesn't seek to appropriate it, but at most to re-illuminate it from angles. However, if there has been any serious contender for appropriation of the term, as reflected in popular usage, it was the Disney corporation, with its Spaceship Earth attraction at Disney World's Epcot.

The term "Spaceship Earth" was never trademarked. Project Persephone certainly doesn't seek to appropriate it, but at most to re-illuminate it from angles. However, if there has been any serious contender for appropriation of the term, as reflected in popular usage, it was the Disney corporation, with its Spaceship Earth attraction at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epcot | Epcot]].

The term "Spaceship Earth" was never trademarked. Project Persephone certainly doesn't seek to own it, or even redefine it, but at most to re-illuminate it from angles. However, if there has been any serious contender for appropriation of the term, it was the Disney corporation, with its Spaceship Earth attraction at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epcot | Epcot]].

It is perhaps only a half-truth to call the Disney corporation's use of "Spaceship Earth" a corporate vulgarization of the original concept. Walt Disney's original vision for EPCOT - an Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow - may have been a "commodified utopia", a somewhat grandiose reaction to both Disneyland's increasingly tawdry commercial periphery and to America's festering urban problems and unrest. However, in Walt Disney's emphasis on a very dense urban core ringed with a greenbelt, with mass transportation conveniently connecting lower-density housing with the urban core, it's not hard to see that he was concerned with some issues of sustainability. Disney was both a technological innovator and an entertainment entrepreneur. Project Persephone unabashedly accepts the legitimacy of both roles, so long as they are "Meeting SPEC?". Disney, at the end of this life, wanted to solve pressing social (and, to some extent, environmental) problems. In Project Persephone's vision of Spaceship Earth, Walt Disney might be considered an imperfect model, at best, but also worthy of a posthumous grant of Honorary Crewmember.

The term "Spaceship Earth" was never trademarked, but if there has been any serious contender for appropriation of it, it was Disney's, with its http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceship_Earth_Spaceship Earth attraction at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epcot | Epcot]]. It is perhaps only a half-truth to call this a corporate vulgarization of the original concept, however. Disney's original vision for EPCOT - an Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow - may have been a "commodified utopia", a grandiose reaction to both Disneyland's commercial periphery and to America's festering urban problems and unrest.

From Stevenson's speech in Geneva, five days before his death:

In Spaceship Earth, Ward wrote:

From Stevenson's speech in Geneva, five days before his death:

Spaceship Earth is a term coined by British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development. The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend, the American diplomat Adlai Stevenson. Ward was the author of a book of the same title first published in 1966. The term was soon picked up and promoted by the economist and philosopher Kenneth Boulding and perhaps most famously by Buckminster Fuller.

In Stevenson's speech in Geneva, five days before his death:

In Stevenson's speech in Geneva http://www.bartleby.com/73/477.html, five days before his death:

In Stevenson's speech in Geneva, five days before his death:

Spaceship Earth is a term coined by a British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development. The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend Adlai Stevenson. Ward was the author of a book of the same title first published in 1966. The term was soon picked up and promoted by Kenneth Boulding and perhaps most famously by Buckminster Fuller.

Spaceship Earth is a term coined by a British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development. The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend Adlai Stevenson. Ward was the author of a book of the same title first published in 1966. The term was soon picked up and promoted by Kenneth Boulding and perhaps most famously by R. Buckminster Fuller?.

Spaceship Earth is a term coined by a British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development. The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend Adlai Stevenson. Ward was the author of a book of the same title first published in 1966. The term was soon picked up and promoted by Kenneth Boulding and perhaps most famously by

Spaceship Earth is a term coined by a British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development. The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend Adlai Stevenson. Ward was the author of a book of the same title first published in 1966. The term was soon picked up and promoted by Kenneth Boulding? and perhaps most famously by

Spaceship Earth is a term coined by a British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development. The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend Adlai Stevenson. Ward was the author of a book of the same title first published in 1966. The term was soon picked up and promoted by Kenneth Boulding? and perhaps most famously by

Spaceship Earth is a term coined by a British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development?. The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend Adlai Stevenson. Ward was the author of a book of the same title first published in 1966. The term was soon picked up and promoted by Kenneth Boulding? and perhaps most famously by

Spaceship Earth is a term coined by a British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development?. The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by her close friend Adlai Stevenson?. Ward was the author of a book of the same title first published in 1966. The term was soon picked up and promoted by Kenneth Boulding? and perhaps most famously by

Spaceship Earth is a term very likely coined by a British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development?. The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by Adlai Stevenson?, a friend of hers whom she'd gotten to know in Cambridge, Mass. in the 1950s. Ward was the author of a book of the same title first published in 1966. The term was soon picked up and promoted by Kenneth Boulding? and perhaps most famously by

Spaceship Earth is a term very likely coined by a British economist Barbara Ward, an early advocate of sustainable development?. The trope was used in a speech she had drafted on the problems of urbanization, delivered before the U.N. Social and Economic Council by Adlai Stevenson?, a friend of hers whom she'd gotten to know in Cambridge, Mass. in the 1950s. Ward was the author of a book of the same title? first published in 1966. The term was soon picked up and promoted by Kenneth Boulding? and perhaps most famously by

In Spaceship Earth, Ward wrote